Module 3 - Prevalence

Question 1

What is the global cancer burden in terms of new cases and deaths according to GLOBOCAN in 2018?

Answer 1

In 2018, worldwide, there were 18,078,957 million new cancer cases (2.4 cases per 1,000 people) and 9,555,027 million cancer deaths, with 43,841,302 million people living with cancer (diagnosed in the past 5 years).

Question 2

How is the global cancer burden shifting in terms of regions?

Answer 2

The global cancer burden is shifting from more developed countries to economically disadvantaged countries.

Question 3

Where can one find Canadian cancer statistics, and what do they reveal about cancer in Canada?

Answer 3

Canadian cancer statistics are compiled by the Government of Canada and can be found at https://www.cancer.ca. Approximately 2 in 5 Canadians will develop cancer within their lifetime, and about 1 in 4 Canadians will die of cancer. In 2020, there were estimated to be about 225,800 new cancer diagnoses in Canada, with approximately 83,300 deaths from cancer.

Question 4

What are the leading types of cancer in Canada, and which one is the leading cause of cancer death?

Answer 4

The leading types of cancer in Canada are lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Canada.

Question 5

How has the lung cancer death rate changed in Canada over the past 25 years, and what factors may have contributed to this change?

Answer 5

The lung cancer death rate in Canada has dropped, especially for men, over the past 25 years. This decline may be related to changes in lifestyle habits, such as smoking cessation, which have resulted in an overall decline in the cancer death rate since the early 1990s.

Question 6

What percentage of lung cancers are preventable, and what is the primary attributable factor for lung cancer?

Answer 6

An estimated 86% of lung cancers are preventable, and 72% of them are attributable to tobacco smoke, highlighting the importance of prevention efforts. Reducing mortality for this disease also requires improvements in treatment.

Question 7

Why is measuring the cancer burden in Canada important?

Answer 7

Measuring the cancer burden in Canada is crucial because it informs research priorities and resource allocation for the effective treatment and management of cancer. It helps identify areas where prevention and treatment strategies can have the most significant impact.

Question 8

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), what is the most effective long-term strategy for preventing cancer?

Answer 8

The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that prevention is the most effective long-term strategy for preventing cancer.

Question 9

What is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers)?

Answer 9

Lung and bronchus cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers).

Question 10

Lung and bronchus cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers).

Answer 10

Lung and bronchus cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer for both men and women in Canada.

Question 11

What does “incidence” in cancer statistics refer to?

Answer 11

Incidence is the total number of new cases of cancer.

Question 12

What does “mortality” in cancer statistics refer to?

Answer 12

Mortality is the number of deaths due to cancer.

Question 13

How many Canadians are estimated to be diagnosed with lung and bronchus cancer in 2022?

Answer 13

In 2022, an estimated 30,000 Canadians will be diagnosed with lung and bronchus cancer.

Question 14

How many Canadians are estimated to die from lung and bronchus cancer in 2022?

Answer 14

In 2022, an estimated 20,700 Canadians will die from lung and bronchus cancer.

Question 15

How does the incidence and mortality of lung and bronchus cancer differ between men and women in Canada in 2022?

Answer 15

In 2022, an estimated 15,000 men will be diagnosed with lung and bronchus cancer, with 10,600 deaths. For women, there will be an estimated 15,000 diagnoses and 10,100 deaths.

Question 16

What is the 5-year net survival rate for lung and bronchus cancer in Canada (estimates for 2015 to 2017)?

Answer 16

The 5-year net survival rate for lung and bronchus cancer in Canada is estimated to be 19% for males and 26% for females.

Question 17

When did the rate of new lung and bronchus cancer cases begin decreasing in Canadian men and women, and why do these trends differ?

Answer 17

In Canadian men, the rate began decreasing in 1990. In women, it started decreasing in 2013. These differences are likely due to variations in tobacco use, with more men smoking than women.

Question 18

What is the estimated probability of developing or dying from lung and bronchus cancer for Canadian men and women?

Answer 18

It is estimated that about 1 in 15 Canadian men will develop lung and bronchus cancer during their lifetime, with 1 in 18 dying from it. For Canadian women, the estimates are about 1 in 15 developing it and 1 in 20 dying from it during their lifetime.

Question 19

What is the most common cancer among Canadian women (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers)?

Answer 19

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian women (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers).

Question 20

What is the second leading cause of death from cancer in Canadian women?

Answer 20

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in Canadian women.

Question 21

Can breast cancer occur in men, and how common is it?

Answer 21

Yes, breast cancer can occur in men, but it is not common.

Question 22

How many Canadian women are estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2022?

Answer 22

In 2022, an estimated 28,600 Canadian women will be diagnosed with breast cancer.

Question 23

How many Canadian women are estimated to die from breast cancer in 2022?

Answer 23

In 2022, an estimated 5,500 Canadian women will die from breast cancer.

Question 24

How many Canadian men are estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2022?

Answer 24

In 2022, an estimated 270 Canadian men will be diagnosed with breast cancer.

Question 25

How many Canadian men are estimated to die from breast cancer in 2022?

Answer 25

In 2022, an estimated 55 Canadian men will die from breast cancer.

Question 26

What is the 5-year net survival rate for breast cancer in Canada (estimates for 2015 to 2017)?

Answer 26

The 5-year net survival rate for breast cancer in Canada is estimated to be 76% for males and 89% for females.

Question 27

How did the rate of new breast cancer cases change in Canadian women between 1984 and 1991, and what factors contributed to this change?

Answer 27

he rate of new breast cancer cases in women in Canada rose between 1984 and 1991, partly because mammography was used more often, leading to more cases being found.

Question 28

What factors may have contributed to the fluctuation in breast cancer rates in Canadian women since the early 1990s?

Answer 28

The fluctuation in breast cancer rates since the early 1990s may be due to long-term changes in hormonal factors, such as age at first menstrual period, breastfeeding, and oral contraceptive use.

Question 29

What led to the slight decrease in the breast cancer rate in 2002?

Answer 29

The slight decrease in the breast cancer rate in 2002 coincided with a drop in the use of hormone replacement therapy among post-menopausal women when its role in breast cancer was publicized.

Question 30

When did the breast cancer death rate peak, and what has happened to it since then?

Answer 30

The breast cancer death rate peaked in 1986 and has been declining since, reflecting the impact of screening and improvements in treatment.

Question 31

What is the expected ranking of colorectal cancer among the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Canada in 202

Answer 31

Colorectal cancer is expected to be the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada in 2022

Question 32

What is the second leading cause of death from cancer in men and the third leading cause of death from cancer in women?

Answer 32

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in men and the third leading cause of death from cancer in women.

Question 33

How many Canadians are estimated to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2022?

Answer 33

In 2022, an estimated 24,300 Canadians will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

Question 34

How many Canadians are estimated to die from colorectal cancer in 2022?

Answer 34

In 2022, an estimated 9,400 Canadians will die from colorectal cancer.

Question 35

How does the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer differ between men and women in Canada in 2022?

Answer 35

In 2022, an estimated 13,500 men will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer, with 5,200 deaths. For women, there will be an estimated 10,800 diagnoses and 4,200 deaths.

Question 36

What is the 5-year net survival rate for colorectal cancer in Canada (estimates for 2015 to 2017)?

Answer 36

The 5-year net survival rate for colorectal cancer in Canada is estimated to be 66% for males and 67% for females.

Question 37

What has contributed to the recent declines in the rate of new cases of colorectal cancer in Canada?

Answer 37

The recent declines in the rate of new colorectal cancer cases are likely due in part to increased colorectal cancer screening, which can identify and remove precancerous polyps, reducing incidence.

Question 38

What factors have contributed to the decline in colorectal cancer death rates?

Answer 38

The decline in colorectal cancer death rates is likely due to fewer new cases and improved diagnosis and treatment.

Question 39

What is the estimated probability of developing or dying from colorectal cancer for Canadian men and women?

Answer 39

It is estimated that about 1 in 16 Canadian men will develop colorectal cancer during their lifetime, with 1 in 34 dying from it. For Canadian women, the estimates are about 1 in 19 developing it and 1 in 40 dying from it during their lifetime.

Question 40

What is the most common cancer among Canadian men (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers)?

Answer 40

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Canadian men (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers).

Question 41

What is the third leading cause of death from cancer in men in Canada?

Answer 41

Prostate cancer is the third leading cause of death from cancer in men in Canada.

Question 42

How many Canadian men are estimated to be diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2022?

Answer 42

In 2022, an estimated 24,600 Canadian men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer.

Question 43

How many Canadian men are estimated to die from prostate cancer in 2022?

Answer 43

In 2022, an estimated 4,600 Canadian men will die from prostate cancer.

Question 44

What is the 5-year net survival rate for prostate cancer in Canada (estimates for 2015 to 2017)?

Answer 44

The 5-year net survival rate for prostate cancer in Canada is estimated to be 91%.

Question 45

When did the rate of new prostate cancer cases peak in Canada, and what may have contributed to these peaks?

Answer 45

The rate of new prostate cancer cases peaked in 1993 and again in 2001. These peaks were likely influenced by screening activity using the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test.

Question 46

How has the death rate for prostate cancer changed in Canada since 1994?

Answer 46

The death rate for prostate cancer has been declining since 1994, likely reflecting improved treatment.

Question 47

What is the estimated probability of developing or dying from prostate cancer for Canadian men?

Answer 47

It is estimated that about 1 in 8 Canadian men will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime, with 1 in 29 dying from it.

Question 48

What is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in children in Canada?

Answer 48

Leukemia is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in children in Canada.

Question 49

What were the most recent incidence statistics for leukemia in children aged 0 to 14 years in Canada from 2014 to 2018?

Answer 49

From 2014 to 2018, 1,230 Canadian children were diagnosed with leukemia. Out of these, 985 were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 140 were diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia.

Question 50

What were the most recent mortality statistics for leukemia in children aged 0 to 14 years in Canada from 2016 to 2020?

Answer 50

From 2016 to 2020, 138 Canadian children died from leukemia. Among these, 59 children died from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and 51 children died from acute myelogenous leukemia.

Question 51

How many new cases of leukemia were estimated in Canada in 2020?

Answer 51

6900