Module 9 12 Part 2 Flashcards
Question
Answers
Q: What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis in both bacterial and mammalian cells?
A: Ribosomes are responsible for completing protein synthesis in both bacterial and mammalian cells.
Q: Are bacterial and mammalian ribosomes identical in structure?
A: No, bacterial and mammalian ribosomes have subtle structural differences.
Q: How can drugs be designed to selectively disrupt the function of bacterial ribosomes without affecting mammalian ribosomes?
A: Drugs can be developed to specifically target and disrupt the function of bacterial ribosomes while sparing mammalian ribosomes.
Q: What is the advantage of selectively disrupting bacterial ribosomes in drug design?
A: This selectivity allows us to impair protein synthesis in bacteria while leaving protein synthesis in mammalian cells untouched, minimizing harm to the host.
Q: What are narrow-spectrum antibiotics, and how do they differ from broad-spectrum antibiotics?
A: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a limited number of microorganisms, while broad-spectrum antibiotics work against a wide range of microbes.
Q: In general, which type of antibiotics is preferred, narrow-spectrum or broad-spectrum?
A: Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are generally preferred over broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Q: How are major antimicrobial drugs classified in Table 70.1?
A: Table 70.1 classifies major antimicrobial drugs into three groups: antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral.
Q: Within the antibacterial category, how are drugs further subdivided, and what does the table indicate about their activity?
A: In the antibacterial category, drugs are subdivided into narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum agents, and the table specifies the main classes of bacteria they are active against.
Q: How are antimicrobial drugs classified based on their effectiveness against specific organisms?
A: Antimicrobial drugs are categorized based on the types of organisms they are effective against, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Q: What are narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs, and what kinds of bacteria do they target?
A: Narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs are effective against specific types of bacteria, such as gram-positive cocci and gram-positive bacilli.
Q: Can you provide examples of narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs?
A: Examples of narrow-spectrum antibacterial drugs include penicillin G and V, penicillinase-resistant penicillins, vancomycin, and others.
Q: What is the distinguishing feature of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, and what types of bacteria do they target?
A: Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli.
Q: Can you name some examples of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs?
A: Examples of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs include broad-spectrum penicillins, extended-spectrum penicillins, cephalosporins (third generation), tetracyclines, carbapenems, and others.
Q: What are antiviral drugs used for, and can you provide examples of antiviral drug classes?
A: Antiviral drugs are used to treat viral infections. Examples of antiviral drug classes include drugs for HIV infection and drugs for influenza, along with other antiviral drugs.
Q: What is the purpose of antifungal drugs, and what are some examples of antifungal drug classes?
A: Antifungal drugs are used to treat fungal infections. Examples of antifungal drug classes include polyene antibiotics, azoles, and echinocandins.
Q: How are antimicrobial drugs classified based on their mechanism of action?
A: Antimicrobial drugs are categorized into several drug classes according to how they work in combating infections.
Q: Can you name some drug classes that inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria?
A: Drug classes that inhibit cell wall synthesis include penicillins, cephalosporins, imipenem, vancomycin, and caspofungin.
Q: What is the mechanism of action of drugs that disrupt the bacterial cell membrane, and can you provide examples of such drugs?
A: These drugs disrupt the cell membrane, and examples include amphotericin B, daptomycin, and itraconazole.
Q: What distinguishes bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis from bacteriostatic ones, and can you name some drugs in each category?
A: Bactericidal inhibitors kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic inhibitors slow their growth. Bactericidal examples are aminoglycosides, while bacteriostatic examples include clindamycin, erythromycin, linezolid, and tetracyclines.
Q: How do drugs that interfere with bacterial DNA and RNA synthesis or integrity work, and can you provide examples?
A: These drugs disrupt the synthesis or integrity of bacterial DNA and RNA. Examples include fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, and rifampin.
Q: What are antimetabolites, and what are some examples of drugs in this category?
A: Antimetabolites interfere with essential metabolic processes in bacteria. Examples include flucytosine, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim.
Q: What are the major drug classes used to suppress viral replication, and can you name some specific drugs within these classes?
A: The major drug classes for suppressing viral replication include viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (e.g., acyclovir and ganciclovir), HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., zidovudine and lamivudine), HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir and saquinavir), HIV fusion inhibitors (e.g., enfuvirtide), HIV integrase inhibitors (e.g., raltegravir), HIV CCR5 antagonists (e.g., maraviroc), and influenza neuraminidase inhibitors (e.g., oseltamivir and zanamivir).
Q: How do drugs like penicillins and cephalosporins kill bacteria?
A: These drugs inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, weakening the cell wall and promoting bacterial lysis and death.
