Module 9 Part 2 Acute Pyelonephritis Flashcards
Question
Answer
How can kidney stones lead to pyelonephritis?
Kidney stones can obstruct urine flow, leading to stasis and bacteriuria. The irritation of the epithelial lining can trap bacteria.
What is vesicoureteral reflux, and how does it relate to pyelonephritis?
Vesicoureteral reflux is the chronic backflow of urine into the kidney during urination, contributing to bacterial infection.
Why does pregnancy increase the risk of pyelonephritis?
Pregnancy can lead to dilation and relaxation of the ureter, causing hydroureter and hydronephrosis. This is partly due to the obstruction from an enlarged uterus and partly due to ureteral relaxation from higher progesterone levels.
What is a neurogenic bladder, and how does it contribute to pyelonephritis?
A neurogenic bladder results from neurological impairment, interfering with normal bladder contraction. This can lead to residual urine and ascending infections.
How can medical instrumentation lead to pyelonephritis?
The use of catheters and endoscopes for diagnostic purposes in the urinary tract can introduce organisms into the urethra and bladder, increasing the risk of infection.
What is the role of female sexual trauma in the development of pyelonephritis?
Female sexual trauma can move organisms from the urethra into the bladder, causing infection and retrograde spread to the kidney.
What is acute pyelonephritis?
Acute pyelonephritis is an infection in one or both upper urinary tracts, including the ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium.
What are common causes of acute pyelonephritis?
Common causes include urinary obstruction (blockage in the urinary tract) and vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from the bladder). It is more prevalent in women.
Which parts of the urinary tract are affected by pyelonephritis?
Pyelonephritis impacts the upper urinary tracts, involving the ureter, renal pelvis, and interstitium.
Which microorganisms are commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis?
Common microbes include E. coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas.
How does the infection typically spread in acute pyelonephritis?
The infection often ascends through the ureters but can also spread via the bloodstream.
Which parts of the kidney are primarily affected by the inflammatory process in pyelonephritis?
Inflammation primarily affects the renal pelvis, calyces, and medulla.
What happens during the healing process of acute pyelonephritis?
Healing involves fibrosis and atrophy of affected tubules, and the number of bacteria decreases until the urine becomes sterile.
How does acute pyelonephritis usually begin in terms of symptom onset?
It typically starts suddenly with an acute onset of symptoms.
