Most Common Flashcards by mkb drs

MC adrenal mass

Adrenal cortical adenoma

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MC primary tumors to metastasize to adrenals

lung, breast, melanoma, GI, thyroid, renal

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MC primary malignant tumors to metastasize to the adrenal gland

lung
breast
melanoma
kidney

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MCC of Addison disease (in US)

idiopathic atrophy, probably autoimmune

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MC adrenal tumor to hemorrhage spontaneously

pheochromocytoma

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MC causes of adrenal hemorrhage in adults

blunt trauma and infection

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MCC of adrenal calcifications

Previous adrenal hemorrhage

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MC calcified adrenal mass in adults

Adrenal pseudocyst from previous hemorrhage

usually unilocular with wall calcification (note: endothelial cysts tend to be multilocular with septal calcification)

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MC etiology of adrenal cysts

endothelial

2nd MC: pseudocyst
least common: parasitic

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MCC of parasitic adrenal cyst

echinococcus

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MC endocrine syndrome caused by adrenal ca

Cushing

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MC renal fusion anomaly

Horseshoe kidney

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MC renal anomaly

Horseshoe kidney

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MC form of simple renal ectopy

Pelvic kidney

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MC variation of crossed ectopy

Crossed-fused ectopy

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MC abdominal masses in infants and children

enlarged kidneys due to hydronephrosis or cystic renal disease

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MCC of an abdominal mass in a neonate

congenital UPJ obstruction

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2nd MCC of abdominal mass in the neonate

multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCC: hydronephrosis)

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MC solid renal mass in adults

RCC

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MC renal mass

simple cyst / simple cortical cyst

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MC curable cause of hypertension

Renal artery stenosis

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MC causes of stenosis of the main renal artery

atherosclerosis and FMD

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Thrombosis of the renal artery occurs most commonly as a complication of?

severe atherosclerosis

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MCC of renovascular hypertension in patients <40 yrs

Fibromuscular disease (FMD) of renal arteries

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2nd MC of renovascular hypertension

FMD (atherosclerosis ata iyong MC)

MCC of hypertension in children

Fibromuscular disease (FMD) of renal arteries

MCC of hypertension among children

acquired renal parenchymal disease

MC etiology of renovascular hypertension among children

FMD

2nd MC etiology for renovascular hypertension in children

renal artery stenosis due to NF1

MC type of fibromuscular dysplasia

medial dysplasia

MC subtype of dysplasia

medial fibroplasia

MCC of chronic pyelonephritis in children

VUR of infected urine

MC etiologic agent of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Proteus mirabilis

MC site of extrapulmonary TB

Urinary tract

MC component of staghorn calculi

Struvite

Account for 70% of staghorn calculi

Triple phosphates (struvite + apatite) * the remainder, cystine and uric acid

MCC of acute flank pain

renal colic

MCC of filling defects in the collecting system/ureter

Calculi

2nd MC primary renal malignancy

TCC

MC urinary tract neoplasm

TCC

MC location of bladder diverticula

posterolaterally near the UVJ

MC location of bladder diverticula

trigonal area

MC location of secondary bladder diverticula (pedia)

paraureteral area

Pedia Caffey's: MC location of iatrogenic diverticula

anterior wall at the site of a previous vesicostomy or suprapubic drainage catheter and UVJ after ureteral implantation

MCC of vesicocolonic fistula

diverticulitis (Dunnick: 2nd MC colon cancer)

Dunnick: Most frequently involved segment of the large bowel in colovesical fistulae

rectosigmoid

Dunnick: Most commonly encountered CT finding in enterovesical and colovesical fistulae

small amount of air in the bladder lumen

MC location of contrast extravasation in extraperitoneal bladder rupture

retropubic space of Retzius

MCC of inflammatory strictures

gonorrhea

Dunnick: MC area of occurrence of gonorrheal strictures / MC site of urethral strictures in schistosomiasis

bulbar / bulbous

Dunnick: MC site of instrument-related strictures

bulbomembranous region

MC complication of urethral stricture

false passage

MC site of urethral ca

anterior urethra

MC site of diverticulum of the female urethra

posterolateral wall of the mid-portion of the short female urethra

MC site of traumatic injury to the posterior urethra

junction between prostatic and membranous

Caffey's: Most commonly injured area of the urethra

membranous (owing to its fixation by the urogenital diaphragm)

MC site of prostate ca

peripheral zone

MC type of prostate ca

adenoca

MC cysts of the prostate

cysts associated with BPH

MCC of painful penile induration, focal or generalized priapism

Peyronie disease

MC causative agents of acute epididymo-orchitis

E. coli (MC) S aureus gonococcus TB

MC testicular neoplasms in males 15-44 yrs

Testicular germ cell tumors

MC tumors to metastasize to the testis

Renal, prostate

MCC of painless scrotal swelling

Hydrocele

MC correctable cause of male infertility

Varicocele

MC entities to produce / Major causes of cortical nephrocalcinosis

CGN acute cortical necrosis oxalosis

Dunnick: MC etiologies to produce medullary nephrocalcinosis

hyperparathyroidism and RTA

Dunnick: Probably the mcc of nephrolithiasis

idiopathic hypercalciuria

Dunnick: MC chemical composition of urinary stones

CaOx and CaPO4 (mixed) > CaOx (pure) > "triple phosphate" (struvite + apatite) > uric acid > CaPO4 (pure) > cystine

Dunnick: Account for majority of "lucent" stones

uric acid * Insufficiently radiopaque to be seen on abdominal radiograph

Dunnick: MCC of secondary oxalosis

small bowel disease

Dunnick: MC type of bladder calculi in children in developing countries

uric acid stones

Dunnick: Calcicifcations most often confused with urinary tract calculi

phleboliths and calcified mesenteric LNs

Dunnick: MC etiologies of papillary necrosis

analgesic, DM, sickle cell anemia

Dunnick: MC site of collecting system indentation by a renal artery or vein (Fraley syndrome)

upper pole infundibulum or anterior surface of the renal pelvis

Dunnick: MC of the nonepithelial tumors of the ureter

fibroepithelial polyp / benign fibrous polyp

Dunnick: MC location of fibroepithelial polyps

proximal 1/3 of ureter

Dunnick: MC site of malakoplakia in the urinary tract

In decreasing order of frequency 1. bladderureter 2. renal pelvis 3. urethra

Dunnick: MC site in the urinary tract to be involved with endometriosis

bladder

Dunnick: MC benign bladder tumor

leiomyoma

Dunnick: MC site of urothelial ca in the bladder

lateral walls > trigone > dome

Dunnick: MC appearance of bladder ca on CT

areas of asymmetric bladder wall thickening

Dunnick: MC malignant mesenchymal tumors of bladder muscle

leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma

Dunnick: MC secondary tumor found in the bladder

melanoma

Dunnick: MCC of bladder calculi

bladder outlet obstruction

Dunnick: MC site of urachal ca

juxtavesicular

Dunnick: MC diagnosed tumor in a urethral diverticulum

adenoca (pero pag bladder diverticulum, SCC; urethral stricture, SCC din)

Dunnick/Brant: MC solid tumors of men aged 20-34 y/o / MC neoplasm in males aged 15-55 y/o

GCT

Dunnick: MC GCT in adults

seminomas (2nd MC: embryonal ca)

Dunnick: MC testicular GCTs in children

yolk-sac tumors and teratomas (so consider these in a testicular tumor in a young boy with no adrenal abnormality)

Caffey's: MC testicular neoplasm before puberty / MC malignant GCT in children

yolk sac tumor

Dunnick/Pedia: MC cell type of tumors that develop in undescended testis

seminoma (same as scrotal testis)

Dunnick: MC testicular neoplasm

seminoma

Dunnick: MC testicular neoplasm among men 60 yo and older

lymphoma *Brant: >50yo - lymphoma, leukemia, and mets are more common than GCT

MC bilateral testicular neoplasm

Lymphoma

Dunnick: MC of the GCTs with mixed histologic pattern

teratoma and teratocarcinoma

Dunnick: MC tumor of the epididymis

adenomatoid tumor

Dunnick/Brant: MC inflammatory process in the scrotum epididymitis (most common after 20 yo) Pedia Caffey's MCC of acutely painful scrotum in the post pubescent male epididymitis GU Brant MC ? in patients under 20 yrs testicular torsion Dunnick Prostate LN groups most commonly involved in LN metastases of prostate ca obturator, external iliac, and internal iliac Dunnick Prostate MCC of bacterial prostatitis E coli Dunnick Seminal vesicles MCC of neoplastic involvement of the seminal vesicles direct invasion by prostate ca Dunnick Penis MC penile tumor SCC Dunnick UT trauma Abdominal organs most commonly associated w/ renal injury liver and spleen Dunnick UT trauma MC form of renal injury minor injuries Dunnick UT trauma MC vascular injury of the kidney after blunt trauma occlusion of a segmental renal vessel Dunnick UT trauma Highest risk procedure in ureteral injury ureteroscopy Dunnick UT trauma MC form of bladder trauma contusion Dunnick UT trauma Single most important clinical sign of urethral injury blood at external urethral meatus Dunnick UT trauma MC form of urethral injury type III Pollack Adrenal MC adrenal lesion in Cushing's syndrome hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex Pollack Adrenal MCC of Cushing's syndrome / MCC of noniatrogenic Cushing's syndrome adrenal hyperplasia Pollack Adrenal MC tumors to produce ACTH bronchial carcinoid, bronchogenic ca, thymoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma Pollack Adrenal MC enzymatic defect in congenital adrenal hyperplasia 21-hydroxylase deficiency (2nd MC: 11B) Pollack Adrenal MCC of adrenal insufficiency due to granulomatous infection TB (for underdeveloped countries); histoplasmosis (in SE and SC US) Pollack Adrenal MCC of calcified adrenal glands not associated with adrenal insufficiency adrenal hemorrhage Pollack Adrenal MCC of bilateral adrenal masses mets Pollack Adrenal MCC of cortical destruction in AIDS adrenalitis due to CMV Pollack Adrenal MCC of acute addisonian crisis bilateral adrenal hemorrhage (adrenal apoplexy) Pollack Adrenal MCC of an adrenal mass in infancy massive hemorrhage Pedia Renal and adrenal masses/Caffey's MCC of adrenal enlargement in the newborn / MC adrenal mass in neonates adrenal hemorrhage Pollack Adrenal MC type of lymphoma to involve the adrenal non-Hodgkin's (same sa kidney) GI Abdomen MC cause of pneumoperitoneum Duodenal or gastric ulcer perforation GI Abdomen MC cause of toxic megacolon acute ulcerative colitis GI Abdomen MC cause of small bowel obstruction? postsurgical adhesions (western); incarcerated hernia (developing countries) GI Abdomen MC cause of large bowel obstruction in elderly and bedridden patients fecal impaction GI Abdomen MC lymphoma Non-hodgkin GI Abdomen MC sarcoma in the retroperitoneum Liposarcoma GI Abdomen MC site for abscess formation pelvis GI Abdomen Most specific sign of abscess focal collection of extraluminal gas GI Abdomen MC malignancy associated with AIDS Kaposi sarcoma GI Abdomen MC location of extra-nodal involvement in AIDS-related lymphomas CNS GI Liver MC abnormality demonstrated by hepatic imaging Fatty liver GI Liver MC location of focal fat sparing Segment IV GI Liver MC cause of cirrhosis chronic alcoholics (USA), chronic active hepatitis (Asia and Africa) GI Liver MC liver nodule regenerative nodules GI Liver Predominant cause of the heterogeneous appearance of cirrhosis High-signal fibrosis on T2 GI Liver MC cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome coagulation disorder (Western); membranous webs obstructing the hepatic veins or IV (Asian) GI Liver MC hypervascular lesions in normal liver hemangioma, FNH, hepatic adenoma, and hypervascular metastasis GI Liver MC hypervascular lesions in cirrhosis HCC and dysplastic nodules GI Liver MC malignant masses in the liver Metastases (GI, breast, lung); 2nd MC liver mass in general = cavernous hemangioma GI Liver (MC hypovascular metastases) colorectal, lung, prostate, gastric, and uroepithelial ca; also kidney GI Liver MC benign liver neoplasm Cavernous hemangioma; 2nd MC = FNH GI Liver MC organ affected by hydatid cyst liver GI/Pedia Biliary tree MC type of choledochal cyst (Todani classification) Type 1 - EHBD fusiform/saccular dilatation GI Biliary tree MC primary tumor associated with intraluminal biliary mets Colorectal cancer GI Biliary tree MC cause of pneumobilia Postsurgical (biliary-enteric anastomosis, sphincterotomy) GI Pancreas Most frequent source of pancreatic metastasis RCC and bronchogenic carcinoma GI Pancreas MC major imaging appearance of serous cystadenomas honeycomb microcysts (microcystic adenoma) GI Pancreas MC location of mucinous cystic neoplasm Tail GI Pancreas MC location of branch duct IPMN Uncinate process GI Pancreas MC congenital anomaly of the pancreas Annular pancreas GI Spleen MC malignant tumor involving the spleen lymphoma GI Spleen MC malignancy arising in the spleen angiosarcoma GI Spleen MC primary neoplasm of the spleen hemangioma GI Spleen MC splenic cyst post-traumatic cyst GI Spleen MC finding in the spleen in patients with AIDS splenomegaly associated with generalized lymphoid hyperplasia GI Pharynx, esophagus MC type of hiatal hernia Sliding hiatus hernia - GEJ displaced more than 1 cm above hiatus GI Pharynx, esophagus MC type of paraesophageal hernia Mixed or compound hiatal hernia GI Pharynx, esophagus MC cause of esophageal ulcerations Reflux esophagitis GI Pharynx, esophagus MC cause of esophageal stricture Reflux esophagitis GI/Pedia Pharynx, esophagus GI and Pedia: MC cause of infectious esophagitis / MC infective agent causing esophagitis Candida albicans GI Pharynx, esophagus Pharyngeal webs arise most commonly where? From the anterior wall of the hypopharynx GI Pharynx, esophagus Most common location of esophageal webs Cervical esophagus just distal to the cricopharyngeus impression GI Pharynx, esophagus Brant: MC benign neoplasm of the esophagus / Caffey's: MC esophageal tumor in children (although rare) leiomyoma GI Pharynx, esophagus Brant: MCC of esophageal perforation / Caffey's: MCC of esophageal perforation in children instrumentation / iatrogenic trauma GI Pharynx, esophagus MC location of esophageal tear in Boerhaave syndrome left posterior wall near the left crus of the diaphragm GI Stomach and duodenum MC site of involvement of primary GI lymphoma stomach GI Stomach and duodenum MC type of gastric lymphoma non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma GI/Pedia Stomach and duodenum GI and Pedia: MC mesenchymal tumors to arise from GIT / MC mesenchymal neoplasm of the GIT GISTs GI Stomach and duodenum MC site of involvement of GIST stomach GI Stomach and duodenum MC form of gastritis H. pylori gastritis GI Stomach and duodenum MC cause of thickened gastric folds H. pylori gastritis GI Stomach and duodenum MC location for gastric neoplasm distal stomach GI Stomach and duodenum MC type of gastric polyps hyperplastic polyps GI Stomach and duodenum MC location of malignant duodenal tumors periampullary region (rare in bulb) GI Stomach and duodenum MC location of duodenal ulcers duodenal bulb (anterior wall) GI Stomach and duodenum MC location of gastrinoma Brant: #1 pancreas, #2 duodenum / Caffey's: wall of the duodenum or head of the pancreas / gastrinoma triangle (see notes) GI Stomach and duodenum MC location of duodenal diverticula inner aspect of descending duodenum GI Stomach and duodenum MCC of UGI hemorrhage duodenal ulcer

epididymitis (most common after 20 yo)

Pedia Caffey's: MCC of acutely painful scrotum in the post pubescent male

epididymitis

GU Brant: MC ? in patients under 20 yrs

testicular torsion

Dunnick: Prostate LN groups most commonly involved in LN metastases of prostate ca

Obturator external iliac Internal iliac

Dunnick: MCC of bacterial prostatitis

E coli

Dunnick: MCC of neoplastic involvement of the seminal vesicles

direct invasion by prostate ca

Dunnick: MC penile tumor

SCC

Dunnick: Abdominal organs most commonly associated w/ renal injury

Liver and spleen

Dunnick: MC form of renal injury

minor injuries

Dunnick: MC vascular injury of the kidney after blunt trauma

occlusion of a segmental renal vessel

MCC of UGI hemorrhage

duodenal ulcer

MC location of duodenal diverticula

Inner aspect of descending duodenum

MC location of gastrinoma

Brant: #1 pancreas, #2 duodenum / Caffey's: wall of the duodenum or head of the pancreas / gastrinoma triangle (see notes)

MC location of duodenal ulcers

Duodenal bulb (anterior wall)

MC location of malignant duodenal tumors

Periampullary region (rare in bulb)

MC type of gastric polyps

Hyperplastic polyps

MC location for gastric neoplasm

distal stomach

MC cause of thickened gastric folds

H. pylori gastritis

MC form of gastritis

H. pylori gastritis

MC site of involvement of GIST

stomach

MC mesenchymal tumors to arise from GIT / MC mesenchymal neoplasm of the GIT

GISTs

MC type of gastric lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma

MC site of involvement of primary GI lymphoma

Stomach

MC location of esophageal tear in Boerhaave syndrome

Left posterior wall near the left crus of the diaphragm

Brant: MCC of esophageal perforation / Caffey's: MCC of esophageal perforation in children

Instrumentation / iatrogenic trauma

Brant: MC benign neoplasm of the esophagus / Caffey's: MC esophageal tumor in children (although rare)

Leiomyoma

Most common location of esophageal webs

Cervical esophagus just distal to the cricopharyngeus impression

Pharyngeal webs arise most commonly where?

From the anterior wall of the hypopharynx

MC cause of infectious esophagitis / MC infective agent causing esophagitis Candida albicans

Candida albicans

MC cause of esophageal stricture

Reflux esophagitis

MC cause of esophageal ulcerations

Reflux esophagitis

MC type of paraesophageal hernia

Mixed or compound hiatal hernia

MC type of hiatal hernia

Sliding hiatus hernia *GEJ displaced more than 1 cm above hiatus

MC finding in the spleen in patients with AIDS

Splenomegaly associated with generalized lymphoid hyperplasia

MC splenic cyst

Post-traumatic cyst

MC primary neoplasm of the spleen

Hemangioma

MC malignancy arising in the spleen

Angiosarcoma

MC malignant tumor involving the spleen

lymphoma

MC congenital anomaly of the pancreas

Annular pancreas

MC location of branch duct IPMN

Uncinate process

MC location of mucinous cystic neoplasm

Tail

MC major imaging appearance of serous cystadenomas

Honeycomb microcysts (microcystic adenoma)

Most frequent source of pancreatic metastasis

RCC and bronchogenic carcinoma

MC cause of pneumobilia

Postsurgical (biliary-enteric anastomosis, sphincterotomy)

MC primary tumor associated with intraluminal biliary mets

Colorectal cancer

MC type of choledochal cyst (Todani classification)

Type 1 - EHBD fusiform/saccular dilatation

MC organ affected by hydatid cyst

Liver

MC benign Liver neoplasm

Cavernous hemangioma; 2nd MC = FNH

MC hypovascular metastases

Colorectal, lung, prostate, gastric, and uroepithelial ca; also kidney

MC malignant masses in the liver

Metastases (GI, breast, lung); 2nd MC liver mass in general = cavernous hemangioma

MC hypervascular lesions in cirrhosis

HCC and dysplastic nodules

MC hypervascular lesions in normal liver

Hemangioma, FNH, hepatic adenoma, and hypervascular metastasis

MC cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome

Coagulation disorder (Western); Membranous webs obstructing the hepatic veins or IV (Asian)

MC liver nodule regenerative nodules GI Liver Predominant cause of the heterogeneous appearance of cirrhosis

High-signal fibrosis on T2

MC cause of cirrhosis

Chronic alcoholics (USA), Chronic active hepatitis (Asia and Africa)

MC location of focal fat sparing

Segment IV

MC abnormality demonstrated by hepatic imaging

Fatty liver

MC location of extra-nodal involvement in AIDS-related lymphomas

CNS

MC malignancy associated with AIDS

Kaposi sarcoma

Most specific sign of abscess

Focal collection of extraluminal gas

MC site for abscess formation

Pelvis

MC sarcoma in the retroperitoneum

Liposarcoma

MC lymphoma

Non-hodgkin

MC cause of large bowel obstruction in elderly and bedridden patients

Fecal impaction

MC cause of small bowel obstruction?

Postsurgical adhesions (western); Incarcerated hernia (developing countries)

MC cause of toxic megacolon

Acute ulcerative colitis

MC cause of pneumoperitoneum

Duodenal or gastric ulcer perforation

Pollack: MC type of lymphoma to involve the adrenal

Non-Hodgkin's (same sa kidney)

Caffey's: MCC of adrenal enlargement in the newborn / MC adrenal mass in neonates

Adrenal hemorrhage

Pollack: MCC of an adrenal mass in infancy

Massive hemorrhage

Pollack: MCC of acute addisonian crisis

Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage (adrenal apoplexy)

Pollack: MCC of cortical destruction in AIDS

Adrenalitis due to CMV

Pollack Adrenal: MCC of bilateral adrenal masses

Mets

Pollack Adrenal: MCC of calcified adrenal glands not associated with adrenal insufficiency

Adrenal hemorrhage

Pollack Adrenal: MCC of adrenal insufficiency due to granulomatous infection

TB (for underdeveloped countries); Histoplasmosis (in SE and SC US)

Pollack Adrenal: MC enzymatic defect in congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21-hydroxylase deficiency *2nd MC: 11B

Pollack Adrenal: MC tumors to produce ACTH

Bronchial carcinoid Bronchogenic ca Thymoma Pancreatic islet cell tumors Pheochromocytoma

Pollack Adrenal: MCC of Cushing's syndrome / MCC of noniatrogenic

Cushing's syndrome adrenal hyperplasia

Pollack Adrenal: MC adrenal lesion in Cushing's syndrome

Hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex

Dunnick: MC form of urethral injury

Type III

Dunnick: Single most important clinical sign of urethral injury

Blood at external urethral meatus

Dunnick: MC form of bladder trauma

Contusion

Dunnick: Highest risk procedure in ureteral injury

Ureteroscopy

MC PRIMARY appendiceal tumor in surgical pathology

Carcinoid Tumor

MC appendiceal tumor detected in imaging

Appendiceal Mucocele - due to mucinous neoplasm