Motor Systems and Cerebellum

Question 1

The nerve fiber of the muscle sensor during static and dynamic muscle changes

Answer 1

Group Ia and II afferents (in parallel)

The muscle spindle plays a role in dynamic changes

Question 2

The nerve fiber of the muscle sensor that is activated when the muscle is tensed

Answer 2

Group Ib afferents in series

The golgi tendon plays a role in muscle tension.

Question 3

The muscle sensor for vibration is the pacinian corpuscle. It has group ___ nerve fiber.

Answer 3

Group II

Remember: Vibratwo!

Question 4

Noxius stimuli is detected by group III and IV nerve fibers. It uses ___ muscle sensor.

Answer 4

Free Nerve Endings

Question 5

This motoneuron maintains the group 1a afferent activity during muscle contraction

Answer 5

Gamma: Intrausal

Alpha: Extrafusal

Question 6

The golgi-tendon reflex has ____ number of synapses that is triggered when the muscle contracts resulting to antagonistic muscle relaxation

Answer 6

di-synaptic.

Remember, Golgi-Tendon, Di synaptic, stimulated by contractions, resulting to relaxation

Question 7

Nuclear chain fibers are arrange in rows. This detects ____ changes

Answer 7

Static changes

Nuclear bag detects dynamic changes

Question 8

Transection at the spinal cord level leads to ___, ____, and _____

Answer 8

1. Paraplegia
2. Loss of conscious sensation
3. Spinal shock

Question 9

Transection above the lateral vestibular nucleus or pontine reticular formation and midbrain leads to _____ rigidity

Answer 9

decerebrate

Lesions above the red nucleus results to decorticate posturing but intact tonic neck reflexes

Question 10

These are pathways that originate in the brainstem structures

Answer 10

extrapyramidal tracts

Pyramidal tracts passes through the medullary pyramids

Question 11

[muscle sensors]

The group Ia and II afferents nerve fiber supplying a muscle spindle responds to changes in muscle ___ (length/tension)

Answer 11

length

Question 12

[muscle sensors]

the group Ib afferents responds to changes in muscle ___ (length/tension)

Answer 12

tension

Question 13

[muscle sensors]

The nerve fibers responsible for static and dynamic changes in muscle length are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to the extrafusal fibers

Answer 13

parallel

Question 14

[muscle sensors]

The nerve fibers responsible for changes in muscle tension are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to the extrafusal fibers

Answer 14

series

Question 15

muscle sensor for changes in length

Answer 15

muscle spindle

Question 16

muscle sensor for changes in tension

Answer 16

golgi tendon organs

Question 17

muscle spindle fiber are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to extrafusal fibers

Answer 17

parallel

Question 18

golgi tendon organs are arranged in ___ (parallel/series) with respect to extrafusal fibers

Answer 18

series

Question 19

[muscle sensors]

muscle sensor for position sense

Answer 19

muscle spindle and golgi tendon

Question 20

between muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs, which are intrafusal fibers?

Answer 20

muscle spindle

Question 21

[motor neuron]

___ is the motorneuron of extrafusal fibers

Answer 21

alpha

AEGIs

Question 22

[motor neuron]

___ is the motorneuron of intrafusal fibers

Answer 22

gamma

AEGIs

Question 23

The motorneuron that causes appropriate muscle contraction and shortening

Answer 23

alpha

Question 24

the motor neuron that is co-activated during muscle contraction

Answer 24

gamma

Question 25

[muscle reflexes] Stimulus: muscle is stretched Response: muscle contraction

Answer 25

Stretch reflex

Question 26

[muscle reflexes] Stimulus: muscle contracts Response: muscle relaxation

Answer 26

golgi-tendon reflex | inverse stretch reflex

Question 27

[muscle reflexes] Stimulus: pain Response: ipsilateral flexion, contralateral flexion

Answer 27

Flexor-Withdawal reflex

Question 28

[muscle reflexes] monosynaptic type Ia nerve fiber

Answer 28

stretch reflex

Question 29

[muscle reflexes] disynaptic Type Ib nerve fiber

Answer 29

inverse stretch reflex (golgi tendon reflex)

Question 30

[muscle reflexes] polysynaptic Type II, III, IV

Answer 30

flexor-withdrawal reflex hint: type III and IV = type C = unmyelinated = pain

Question 31

voluntary motor movements originate in the ____ areas

Answer 31

cerebral cortical association areas

Question 32

[voluntary motor movement] this area of the brain coordinates the planning ang execution of a voluntary muscle motor movement

Answer 32

premotor and motor cortex

Question 33

[voluntary motor movement] pyramidal tracts that are essential for voluntary movements

Answer 33

corticospinal tract | corticobulbar tract

Question 34

[voluntary motor movement] area of the brain (gyrus) that plays a role in voluntary motor movements

Answer 34

precentral

Question 35

[voluntary motor movement] all pyramidal tracts pass pass through this part of the brain

Answer 35

medullary pyramids

Question 36

[voluntary motor movement] the brainstem is made up of

Answer 36

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 37

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution] rubrospoinal tract

Answer 37

red nucleus to interneurons

Question 38

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution] pontine reticulospinal tract

Answer 38

pons to ventromedial SC

Question 39

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution] medullary reticulospinal tract

Answer 39

medullary reticular formation to spinal cord interneurons in the gray area

Question 40

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution] lateral vestibulospinal tract

Answer 40

from Deiters nucleus to ipsilateral motorneurons and interneurons

Question 41

[extrapyramidal tract: cite the distribution] tectospinal tract

Answer 41

from superior colliculus to cervical spinal cord

Question 42

[extrapyramidal tract] stimulate: flexors Inhibits: extensors

Answer 42

rubrospinal tract

Question 43

[extrapyramidal tract] stimulate: flexors, extensors (main) Inhibits: -----

Answer 43

pontine reticulospinal tract

Question 44

[extrapyramidal tract] stimulate: ------- Inhibits: flexors, extensors (main)

Answer 44

medullary reticulospinal tract

Question 45

[extrapyramidal tract] stimulate: extensors Inhibits: flexors

Answer 45

lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 46

[extrapyramidal tract] controls neck muscles

Answer 46

tectospinal tract

Question 47

[transection at the SC] loss of voluntary movements, the transection is ___ (above/below) the lesion

Answer 47

below the lesion

Question 48

[transection at the SC] in spinal shock, the reflexes are absent ___ (immediately, 11 mins after, 10 mins) after transection

Answer 48

immediately

Question 49

[transection at the SC] HR and BP decreases. location of SC transection?

Answer 49

C7

Question 50

[transection at the SC] breathing stops! :( location of SC transection?

Answer 50

C3

Question 51

[transection at the SC] transection of the SC at this cervical level can easily result to death

Answer 51

C1

Question 52

[transection above the SC] lesions above the lateral vestibular nucleus results in ___ (decerebrate/decorticate) rigidity

Answer 52

decerebrate because the lateral vestibulospinal tract stimulates extensor, damage here leads to unopposed extensor

Question 53

[transection above the SC] lesions below the pontine reticular formation and midbrain results in ___ (decerebrate/decorticate rigidity)

Answer 53

decerebrate because the pontine reticulospinal tract mainly stimulates extensor, there will be unopposed extensor

Question 54

[transection above the SC] lesions above the red nucleus leads to ____ (decerebrate/decorticate) posture

Answer 54

decorticate rubrospinal tract (red nucleus) mainly stimulates flexion. This there will be unopposed flexion

Question 55

[nuclear bag/chain] detect dynamic changes group Ia sensory fiber

Answer 55

nuclear bag

Question 56

[nuclear bag/chain] detect static changes group II sensory fiber

Answer 56

nuclear chain

Question 57

[type of gamma motor fiber] ends characterized as TRAIL ending (efferent) at the nuclear chain fiber

Answer 57

static gamma motor fiber

Question 58

[type of gamma motor fiber] ends characterized as PLATE ending (efferent) at the nuclear bag fiber

Answer 58

dynamic gamma motor fiber

Question 59

[type of sensory fiber] primary ending, both afferent at the nuclear bag and chain fiber

Answer 59

group Ia afferent

Question 60

[type of sensory fiber] secondary ending, the afferent ending at the nuclear chain fiber

Answer 60

group II afferent

Question 61

[stretch reflex] patellar knee jerk stimulates what type of afferent nerve fiber

Answer 61

Ia

Question 62

[stretch reflex] knee jerk reflex results in contraction of what muscle

Answer 62

quadriceps muscle

Question 63

transection at the level of spinal cord, the reflexes can/cannot recover after several hours to a few weeks

Answer 63

can

Question 64

transection at the level of spinal cord, the loss of conscious sensation will be ___ (above/below) leve of lesion

Answer 64

below

Question 65

[cerebellum] control balance and eye movement

Answer 65

vestibulocerebellum

Question 66

[cerebellum] for planning and initiation of movement

Answer 66

pontocerebellum

Question 67

[cerebellum] controls the rate, force, range, direction of movements

Answer 67

spinocerebellum

Question 68

[cerebellum: clinical conditions] loss of muscle coordination, delay initiation, poor execution of movement sequence

Answer 68

ataxia

Question 69

[cerebellum: clinical conditions] failure to perform rapid alternating movements

Answer 69

dysdiadochokinesia

Question 70

[cerebellum: clinical conditions] low frequency tremor bu increases as an extremity approaches the endpoint of deliberate and visually guided movement

Answer 70

intention tremor

Question 71

[cerebellum: clinical conditions] failure of antagonistic muscle to contract after removal of resistance to limb movement

Answer 71

absent rebound phenomenon

Question 72

[layers of the cerebellar cortex] ___ layer has outputs that are always inhibitory, using GABA

Answer 72

purkinje cell layer

Question 73

[layers of the cerebellar cortex] ___ layer only output of the cerebellar cortex; modulates rate, range, and direction of movement

Answer 73

purkinje cell layer

Question 74

[Neural connection in the cerebellum] ___ cell releases glutamate leading to excitation of the basket and stellate cells

Answer 74

granule cells (Excite) GR --> BC,NC

Question 75

[Neural connection in the cerebellum] ___ releases GABA which inhibits purkinje cells

Answer 75

Basket cells (Inhibit) BC --> PC --> NC

Question 76

[Neural connection in the cerebellum] ____ cell releases glutamate

Answer 76

granule cells

Question 77

[Neural connection in the cerebellum] ____ cell releases GABA

Answer 77

basket cells, purkinje cells

Question 78

[Neural connection in the cerebellum] ___ cell releases GABA which inhibits cerebellar nuclei

Answer 78

purkinje cells

Question 79

[Neural connection in the cerebellum] ____ exerts a strong excitatory effect on purkinje cells

Answer 79

climbing and mossy fiber inputs

Question 80

[Neural connection in the cerebellum] this cell is excited by mossy fiber collaterals

Answer 80

golgi cells