Vision

Question 1

___ is the ability to bend light

Answer 1

Refractive power

Measured by: Diopters

Question 2

____ is the refractive power of the eye

Answer 2

59 diopters

2/3 by the cornea (fixed refractive power)
1/3 by the lens (variable refractive powerr)

Question 3

The ciliary muscles are ___ (relaxed, tensed) when the lens becomes flat and there is an increased tension from suspensory ligaments

Answer 3

relaxed

Ciliary muscles are contracted if the lens is spherical and there is decreased tension from suspensory ligaments

Question 4

The optic nerve is composed of ___ that combines together

Answer 4

ganglion cell’s axons that combines together

Question 5

___ type of retinal cell that prevents light scattering, converts 11cis retinal to all-trans retinal. damage of this is involved in macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and albinism

Answer 5

Pigment Epithelial Cells

Question 6

This type of retinal cell is absent in the optic disk. It is associated with color blindness.

Answer 6

Receptor cells (Rods and cones)

Question 7

The location in which the rods are most concentrated

Answer 7

Parafoveal region

Question 8

This type of retinal cell are contrast detectors

Answer 8

bipolar cells

Question 9

This type of retinal cell maintains the internal geometry of the retina

Answer 9

Muller cells

Question 10

This type of ganglion cell (output cells of the retina) is responsible for color, form, fine details

Answer 10

P cells

M cells is for movement and illumination

Question 11

During nighttime, this receptor cell is more active

Answer 11

Rods - more sensitive to low-intensity light (nighttime, black and white vision)

Cones - more sensitive to high intensity light (Daytime, colorful)

Question 12

The conversion 11 cis retinal to All-trans retinal leads to the ____ (opening, closure) of Na channels leading to ___ (depolarization, hyperpolarization) resulting to decreased glutamate production.

Answer 12

closure of Na Channel leads to hyperpolarization!

Hyperpolarization causes the action potential in vision!

Decrease glutamate leads excitation and depolarization of the INHIBITORY METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS

Question 13

The three cell types that detect shape and orientation of figures

Answer 13

1. Simple cells - responds to bars of light
2. Complex cells - responds to moving or edges of light
3. Hypercomplex cells - respond to lines with particular length and to angles

Question 14

When light strikes the eye, the activity of this increases

Answer 14

transducin

Question 15

the lens is held by ____

Answer 15

suspensory ligament (zonula fibers)

Question 16

[Refractive disorders]

myopia: light converge ___ of retina

Answer 16

in front

Question 17

[Refractive disorders]

myopia: the eyeball is ___

Answer 17

long

Question 18

[Refractive disorders]

myopia: the corrective lens is ____

Answer 18

biconcave

Question 19

a long eyeball needs a ___ corrective lens

Answer 19

biconcave

Question 20

[Refractive disorders]

hyperopia: the eyeball is ____

Answer 20

short

Question 21

[Refractive disorders]

hyperopia: the light rays converge ___ the retina

Answer 21

behind

Question 22

[Refractive disorders]

hyperopia: the corrective lense is

Answer 22

convex

Question 23

the eyeball of a person whose vision is corrected by a convex lens is ___

Answer 23

short

Question 24

Age at which age-related loss of accommodation can happen

Answer 24

> 40 years old

Question 25

inability to read newspaper in elderly people can be due to failure of contraction of the ___

Answer 25

ciliary body

Question 26

this relaxes when a person is looking at a far object

Answer 26

ciliary

Question 27

this relaxes when a person is looking at a near object

Answer 27

suspensory ligament

Question 28

___ layer is where the ganglion cells combine to form the optic nerve

Answer 28

ganglion cell layer

Question 29

[retinal cell] involved in macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and albinism

Answer 29

pigment epithelial cells

Question 30

[retinal cell] converts 11 cis retinal to all trans retinal

Answer 30

pigment epithelial cells

Question 31

[retinal cell] cells affected in color blindness

Answer 31

rods and cones

Question 32

What happens to the acuity when many rods synapse on a single bipolar cell

Answer 32

rod acuity decreases

Question 33

What happens to the sensitivity when many rods synapse on a single bipolar cell

Answer 33

rod sensitivity increases

Question 34

What happens to the acuity when few cones synapse on a single bipolar cell

Answer 34

high acuity of cones

Question 35

What happens to the sensitivity when few cones synapse on a single bipolar cell

Answer 35

sensitivity of cones lowers

Question 36

[retinal cell] are interneurons. form local circuits. form local circuits with bipolar cells

Answer 36

amacrine, horizontal cells

Question 37

[retinal cell] maintains internal geometry of the retina

Answer 37

muller cells

Question 38

[retinal cell] seen in retinal glial cells

Answer 38

muller cells

Question 39

[retinal cell] ganglion cell involved in illumination and movement

Answer 39

M cells

Question 40

[retinal cell] axons form the optic nerve

Answer 40

ganglion cell

Question 41

[retinal cell] output cell of the retina

Answer 41

ganglion cell

Question 42

[retinal cell] active in daytime vision

Answer 42

cones

Question 43

[retinal cell] active at night

Answer 43

rods

Question 44

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area] non-homonymous bitemporal hemianopia

Answer 44

optic chiasm

Question 45

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area] contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

Answer 45

geniculate tract

Question 46

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area] meyers loop

Answer 46

superior left homonymous quadrantanopia

Question 47

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area] pie in the sky

Answer 47

superior left homonymous quadrantanopia

Question 48

[site of lesion: right side, guess the affected area] pie on the floor

Answer 48

inferior left homonymous quadrantanopia

Question 49

[neurophysio of the vision] the closure of Na channels due to decrease in cGMP leads to

Answer 49

hyperpolarization

Question 50

[neurophysio of the vision] hyperpolarization leads to a ____ glutamate release

Answer 50

decrease

Question 51

[neurophysio of the vision] what converts 11-cis retinal to all trans retinal?

Answer 51

light

Question 52

[neurophysio of the vision] before transducin activation all trans retinal will initially first become

Answer 52

metarhodopsin

Question 53

[neurophysio of the vision] activation of phosphodiesterase leads to ___

Answer 53

decrease in cGMP

Question 54

[neurophysio of the vision] this activate phosphodiesterase

Answer 54

transducin

Question 55

[neurophysio of the vision] the activity of this increases when light strikes the eye

Answer 55

activity of transducin

Question 56

The center of the receptive field is formed by ___

Answer 56

receptor cells connected to ganglion cells

Question 57

the receptor cells and ganglion cells are connected by ___ cells

Answer 57

bipolar

Question 58

the surround of receptive field of the ganglion cells is formed by ____

Answer 58

receptor cells

Question 59

the receptor fields that form the surround of the receptive field are connected by

Answer 59

horizontal cells

Question 60

[cells in visual cortex] ___ cells respond to bars of lights

Answer 60

simple cells

Question 61

[cells in visual cortex] ___ cells respond to moving bars or edges of light

Answer 61

complex cells

Question 62

[cells in visual cortex] ___ cells respond to lines with particular length

Answer 62

hypercomplex cells

Question 63

[cells in visual cortex] ___ cells respond to curves/angles

Answer 63

hypercomplex cells

Question 64

[cells in visual cortex] name the 3 types of cells that detect shape and orientation in the visual cortex

Answer 64

simple cells complex cells hypercomplex cells