Muscles Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What is autonomic
A
involuntary
2
Q
What is orb
A
Sphere
3
Q
What is skeletal muscle
A
Muscle surrounding bones
4
Q
What are myocytes reffered to as
A
Muscle fibres
5
Q
What is the dark purple in the cell
A
Nuclei
6
Q
Is skeletal muscle vuluntary
A
Mostly
7
Q
Does skeletal muscle have one nucleus
A
no
8
Q
How long are skeletal muscle cells
A
a few centimetres
9
Q
What is striated
A
Bands of filaments
10
Q
What is the difference between the appearance of skeletal and cardiac
A
Cardiac has intercollated discs
11
Q
is cardiac muscle voluntary
A
no
12
Q
Is smooth muscle striated
A
no
13
Q
What is somatic
A
Voluntary
14
Q
What is the function of muscle
A
Move bones, maintain posture, generate heat, protect visceral organs
15
Q
Where does muscular energy come from
A
mitochondria
16
Q
What is a muscle fasicles
A
group of fibers
17
Q
What are muscle fibers
A
A skeletal muscle cell
18
Q
Are muscles vascular
A
yes
19
Q
What is the epi, peri and endomesium
A
Layers of the membranes in order of how far they go in
20
Q
What is a epimesium
A
Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle
21
Q
What is the perimesium
A
Middle layer surrounding fasicles
22
Q
What is the endomesium
A
Layer surrounding cells
23
Q
What is direct muscle anchoring
A
Epimesium connected directly to bone/cartilage
24
Q
What is indirect muscle connection
A
Uses tendons or aponeuroses to connect muscle to bones
25
what are tendons
Flexible but inelastic cord attaching muscle to bone
26
What is a fasicle arrangement's
How the muscle is shaped
27
What is a circular fascicle
A Fasicle shaped like a circle, usually from the face named orb
28
What is convergent muscle
Fasicles converge to a single tendon
29
What is a parallel muscle fasicle
long muscles parallel to the long axis
30
What is unipennate bipennate and multipennate refer to
Number of muscle fassicles attachment
31
Where does the tendon lie in bipennate
Middle
32
What is a fusiform shape
thick in the middle but thin at the end
33
What are muscles named after sometimes
Location, size, orientation and shape, number of origins eg biceps triceps and quadriceps), location of attachments and muscle action
34
Why are origin and insertion not used
Origin isn't always the embryological origin. Use attachments point instead
35
What are agonist and antagonist used for
To describe paried muscles
36
What does the agonist do
Provide a major force
37
What is the antagonist
Does the reverse of the major force
38
What are synergists
Muscles that aid the agonist
39
What are fixators
Stabilise by holding bones in place
40
DO tendons only attach to bone
no, they surround muscle, known as epimysium
41
How many nuclei do muscle fibers have
~250
42
What is a sarcomere
A little band of protein that is split by z lines. It is also what the myosin filament pulls
43
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum for muscles
44
What is sarcomeres mase of
I band is made of the actin attatchment, there is a myosin filament in the middle. Titin is at the other end
45
What is actin
Double helix structure of G actin. 1micron ling and 8nm wide. They scaffold to make the sarcomere smaller
46
How thick is myosin compared to actin
thick finament
47
What does myosin headn do
pull and contracts muscle
48
What is useful for muscle contraction
ATP and Ca 2+
49
What does contraction do
Cross bridges, pulling actin relative to the myosin
50
What is a sliding filament model
Myosin pulling the thin and thick filament to each other
51
What are muscle filaments on
Z line
52
What does relaxed state mean
Muscle has low resistance to stretch
53
What is a concentric contraction
Pulling contraction
54
What is a eccentric contraction
Pushing contraction
55
What is isometric contraction
Keeps length the same
56
What is active tension
Myosin pulls through the filaments and contracts them using atp
57
What is the length tension curve
The stretchiness of tension
58
What is the goldilocks zone for length and maximal tension
Middle lenggth 1.8 - 2.2 microns
59
What is in the goldilocks zone for maximal tension
Resting position
60
Why is there a goldilocks zone
goldilocks is where all the myosin heads attach
61
what connects myosin to the sarcomeres
titins
62
Is there a direct relationship between max force and velocity
no inverse
63
What is the power of muscle
force multiplied by velocity
64
Where do muscles use the most power
intermediate load and intermediate velocities
65
Do muscles push
NO
66
What is brachii
of the arm
67
What is carpi
bones of the wrist
68
what is pollicis
of the thumb
69
what is supra
over
70
What is surae
of the calf
71
what is teres
round
72
what is hamm
hollow or bend of the knee
73
what is the extensor digitorus
extend the digit of the fingers
74
what is a lateral pterygoid
portrudes the jaw (more chad)
75
What is the temporalis
Retracts the jaw (less chad)
76
What does the trapezius do
elevates and depresses the shoulder
77
What is the rectus abdominus
spinal flexion
78
What is the erector spinae
spinal extension
79
What is thesuprastanius
abduction
80
what is the latissimus dorsi
adduction
81
What is the deltoid
HEIL HITLER (FLEXION) of shoulder
82
What does triceps do
extendion of elbow
83
What does latissimus dorsi + deltoids also do
extension and hyperextension of shoulder
84
What does biceps brachii do
flexes the elbow joint
85
What does the pronator teres do
Pronates the hand
86
What does the supinator do
Supinates the hand
87
What extends the wrist
extensor carpi radialis and extension carpi ulnaris
88
What is the flexion wrist muscles
flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris
89
What flexes the fingers
flexor digitorum superficalus
90
What extends the fingers
extensor digitorum
91
What is the thenar eminence
the thumb muscles
92
What flexes the thumb
flexor pollicus longus
93
What extends the thumb
extensor pollicis longus
94
What adducts the thumb
adductor pollicus
95
what abducts the thumb
abductor pollicis
96
what is iliopsoas
hip muscles that flexion
97
What extends the hips
gluteus maximus
98
What does the gluteus medius do
abduction
99
What is the trecanter
attatchment point of the femur
100
what are the hip adducters
adduct the hips
101
what flexes the knee joint
hamstrings
102
What extends the knee joints
quadriceps femoris
103
What dorsiflexes the foot
digitorum longus
104
what plantarflexes the foot
Triceps surae
105
What does eversion of the foot
fibularis longus
106
what does inversion
tibialis anterior
107
Why os calcium important
calcium injection causes contraction, calcium deprivation prevents contraction
108
What is required to tense muscles and relav muscles
atp
109
What are the calcium pumps
PMCA and NCX
110
what does PMCA do
gets rid of calcium through atp
111
What is NCX
NaCa exchanger, lets ca in
112
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
giant endoplasmic reticulum which stores muscles
113
What is the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump
sarcoplasmic reticulum atpase, gets in and out of the SR
114
What is the SR
smooth endoplasmic reticulum network around each myofibril
115
What is calesquestrin
binds free calcium, lowering the concentration gradient, allowing the SR to store high calcium concentrations
116
Where does the extra calcium go
mostly SR but some in ECF
117
What is calcium released through
Digydropyridine receptor and ryanodine receptor
118
What is the dihydropyridine receptor
plasma membrane calcium channel and is voltage gated, they are really slow channels (L type)
119
What is the ryanodine receptor
sarcoplasmic reticulum with no voltage gate, they are mechanically gated
120
What is pushing the ryamodine receptor when opened
dihydropyridine receptor
121
How close are digydropyridine receptors and rymadine receptors
very
122
What is a t tuble
little bit of ECF that goes in
123
What blocks the actin myosin binding site
tropomyosin
124
What is troponin c
binds calcium
125
what binds the tropinin out of the way for myosin to latch
calcium
126
What is the neuronmuscular junction
nicotinic are ligand gated Na channels, motor neurons secrete acetylcholine when stimulated
127
What is the acetocholine receptors
they open up the sodium channels
128
What happens to the action potential
goes to the t tubles
129
where does the calcium go
into the sr which allows the muscle to contract
130
How soes contraction stops
motorneuron stops, acetylcholine degrades, calcium gates close and escape, it is called contraction
131
what is the whole cycle calles
twitch
132
how long is the twitch compared to the action potential
long compared to AT, and there is a latent period
133
What is wave summation
lots of action potentials releasing more calcium
134
what is titanic tension
max amoutn of tension
135
What is a golgi tendon organ
It figures out tension level of muscles, so figures out proprioception for us
136
What do muscle spindles look like
They are stretch receptors in the golgi tendon organ
137
How many neuromusclar junctions do nmjs have
2
138
What is a gto inverse myotactic reflex
the inverse muscle reflex, turns off the alpha neuron, sensory neuron inhibits an inhibitory reflex
139
What is the tibialus anterior
big toe lifts up
140
What does number of myofibers mean
strength
141
what does number of MU's mean
Precision
142
What re the types of muscle fibers
slow, fast fatiguable, and fast fatigue resistant (medium)
143
what are the fast fatigue resistant vs fast difference
Fast fatigue has mitochondria, fast fatigue resistant has no mitochondria
144
What is the type ii muscle
fast
145
What is the small muscle
Slow twitch
146
What has the highest myosin atpase activity
Fast twitch
147
What msucles are oxidated
red (slow twitch muscles)
148
What muscles are activated first
slow twitch
149
What is the shape of smooth muscle
spindle when elongated
150
What is a weak muscle compared to the other muscles
Smooth
151
What type of muscle is multinuclear
skeletal
152
What causes the heart to beat
the heart, meaningg it is autonomc
153
What is contained in both cardiac and skeletal muscles
myofibrils
154
What is the dolution of cardiac muscles being one cell, not fibers
there is gap junctions that pass through cells
155
What causes cardiac muscle to contract
Itself, it makes its own action potential
156
What is a desmosome
transfers force
157
What is special about pacemakers
it leaks sodium, causing action potentials
158
What is calcium used in cardiac muscle
to depolarise
159
what is a funny channels
They depolarise the heart with sodium by leaking sodium
160
What is the cottom of the heart called
the apex
161
where does the heart squeese first
the bottom (APEX)
162
How long does the refactory period lasts
250ms
163
What part of the heart depolarises
the sinoatrial node
164
what causes the atrium to contract
the SA node
165
What is a P wave
the atrium depolarisation
166
What is the ventricular polarisation
the QRS complx
167
what is the t wave
Ventricular repolarisation
168
What does contracted smooth muscle look like
blob
169
Where does the calsium come from
the matrix
170
are the t tubles in smooth muscle
no
171
how long can smooth muscles last
for your entire lifetime
172
What regulates smooth myosin
phosphate and calcium
173
What activates calcium channels in smooth muscles
temp, co2, O2, NO, PH, stretch, pacemakers and autonomic nervous system activity
174
are there strech activated gates in smooth muscle
yes
175
What does myosin pull in smooth muscle
everywhere
176
how long is the latent period in smooth muscle
0.075 sec
177
how long does tension peak
0.5 sec
178
