Nucleic Acids Flashcards
(384 cards)
1
Q
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid
A
Nucleotides
2
Q
Are proteins usually acidic or basic
A
Basic
3
Q
Are Nucleic acids acidic or basic
A
Acidic
4
Q
What are the types of nucleic acids
A
DNA and RNA
5
Q
What is the function of nucleic acid
A
To store genetic information and to retrieve genetic information
6
Q
What are some modified nucleotides
A
ATP, NADH and cAMP
7
Q
What makes up the sugar of a nucleotide
A
Phosphate and a pentose (furan)
8
Q
Are nucleic acids negatively charged
A
yes
9
Q
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose
A
Deoxyribose has a H in 2’ for deoxyribose and OH in 2’ for ribose
10
Q
Do we have a furan in ribose
A
Yes
11
Q
What carbon does the phosphate bind to
A
the 5’ and 3’ carbon
12
Q
What are the shapes of nitrogenous bases
A
Pyramidine and purine
13
Q
How many rings does pyramidine have
A
1
14
Q
How many rings does purine have
A
2
15
Q
What does the 1’ carbon bind to for pyramidine
A
The carbon 1 (N carbon)
16
Q
What does the 1’ carbon bind to for purine
A
The NH carbon
17
Q
What are the members of purines
A
A (adenine) and G (Guanine)
18
Q
What are the members of pyramidine
A
C (Cytosine), Uracil and Thymine
19
Q
What base is exclusive to DNA
A
Thymine
20
Q
Are Nucleic acid bases hydrophobic or hydrophillic
A
Hydrophobic
21
Q
What is resonant (in chemistry)
A
Electron ring causing partial double bond
22
Q
What wavelength can Nucleotides absorb easily
A
260nm wavelength (UV light can be absorbed)
23
Q
What is a nucleoside
A
Nucleotide with no phosphate
24
Q
What is the nomenclature for nucleoside purines
A
add Osine
25
What is the suffix for for nucleoside pyrimidines
add Idine
26
What do you do for nucleotide purines
add ylate
27
What do you do for nucleotide pyramidines
idylate
28
What is deoxyribonucleotides
deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate
29
How are bases modified so transcription of Dna into RNA terminates
Through methylation
30
Are there modified nucleotides
yes
31
How are nucleotides joined
Phosphodiester bonds
32
What is the direction of the DNA
From the Phosphate end to the 3' end
33
What is the backbone made of
Sugars and phosphates
34
What component of DNA is inherited from the parents
The bases
35
What is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of structure
DNA is double helix, RNA is single helix
36
What makes DNA acidic
It is negatively charged
37
What does phosphate look like in DNA code
P with a circle
38
What is the primary structure of DNA
Sequence of bases from 5' to 3' end
39
what is the secondary structure
DNA involves 2 strands running in opposite directions (antiparallel)
40
Do the antiparallel DNA helixes have the same primary structure
No, they have complimentary structures
41
What is always equal in DNA bases
The sum of purines = sum of pyramidines
42
Are DNA in cells of the same specimen identical
yes
43
Does base composition change with age
NO
44
What did Franklin measure with X rays
DNA helix size and secondary structure
45
What is transformation
Bacteria changing their own DNA from the environment
46
What is DNA
The carrier of genetic information
47
How does DNA associate with each base
Hydrogen bonds
48
Why does the number of pyramidines = number of purines in DNA
Because of the complimentary nature of double helix structures
49
What does adenine bond with
Thymine
50
What does cytosine bond with
Guanine
51
How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T
2
52
How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G
3
53
Are other base pairings possible
Yes, but not as stable
54
Can purine purine bonds and pyramidine pyramidine bonds occur
No
55
How is the double helix stabilised
By the base pairs
56
Is DNA amphiphatic
Yes
57
Can DNA transcribe into RNA
Yes
58
What are viruses that infect bacteria
phages
59
What are viruses made of
50% proteins and 50% nucleic acids
60
Does virus use their own DNA
No, they use the host cell's DNA
61
How was viruses not using their own DNA but using their own proteins proven
Trough radioisotopes of phosphorous (DNA) and Sulphur (proteins)
62
What is a turn under watson and crick's model
Right handed (clockwise) helix with a major and minor groove
63
What does DNA look like on top
Sugars and phosphates on the edge and bases in the middle
64
Why do we need to have an even diameter DNA
Because it needs to be stable, and if it wasn't even it would be unstable
65
What is the humn form of DNA
B form and Z form occasionally
66
What is a N-O bond
Glycosidic bond
67
How would we denature DNA
Splitting the strands into two
68
What happens if denatured dna renatures
Annealed
69
Can hybrid DNA form
Yes, but only partially
70
What is hybridisatation
When short DNA sequences or RNA bind to separate DNA sequences
71
Why are some genes so similar
Because some genes are essential to life
72
What happens on a macro scale when DNA denatures
Decreasing viscosity
73
What kind of DNA has higher absorbtion at 260nm UV light than the other
Denatured DNA
74
What happens when you denature DNA
A hyperchromic (absorbance) shift
75
What is the melting temperature
Where half of the DNA has denatured
76
What increases melting point
Long DNA with lots of Cytosenes and Guanines
77
What base pair usually gets replicated first
the A's and T's
78
What can stabilize the double helix and why
Cations because DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphates
79
Why does DNA denature at extreme PH's
Becuase DNA is held with hydrogen bonds which protonise as acids and deprotonise as bases
80
What bonding force allows denaturing temperatureto be low
Hydrogen bonds
81
What is a pallindrome in DNA
Inverted repeats
82
What happens if there are self complimentary sequences
It can form H bonds with each other
83
How many molecules of nuclear DNA are there per cell
46
84
What does mitochondrial DNA look like
Circular
85
What can DNA do in terms of making stuff
Copy itself and transcribe RNA
86
What is involved in the elongation phase of DNA replication
Synthesizing and attatching the okazaki fragments to the lagging strand with DNA polymerase delta (5' to 3' on lagging strand so backwards)
87
What is the enzyme for polymerizing DNA
DNA polymerase
88
What is nucleophillic attack
Where the OH donates an electron to the phosphate
89
Why is magnesium important
Attracts phosphates and aspartines
90
What direction do we synthesize
5' (PO4) to 3' (OH)
91
Which polymerases the most important to replicate nuclear DNA
Alpha, delta and epsilon
92
How often do DNA make errors
1 in 1000000000
93
What happens after polymerization
3' to 5' proofreading
94
What makes the leading strand
DNA polymerase epsilon
95
Where are the RNA primers
at the end
96
What are the RNA primers for
to stop the polymerization)
97
What is the leading strand made of
Continuous strands
98
What is the lagging strand made of
Okazaki fragments (small little bits which continur into RNA primers sometimes
99
What synthesises the lagging strands
Delta
100
What does DNA ligase do
glue 2 okozaki fragments together
101
What does the primase do
Every okozaki fragment and end of the strands rna primers
102
What is the gyrase
Cuts the DNA into 2 and relieve contortional stress (prevents dna from overwinding)
103
What is the RPA protein
Kepps the DNA denatured
104
What is PCNA
Holds DNA polymerase delta and epsilon onto the template strands
105
How fast does replication go
200 nucleotides per second
106
How is nuclear DNA structured
Linearally
107
WHat do chromosomes have a role of
Faithful transmission and appropriate expression.
108
What is a combination of DNA an proteins
Chromatin
109
What do nuclear proteins do
Bind DNA to the nucleus
110
What are the centromeres
Constricted central region
111
What are the telomeres
The edges of the chromosomes
112
What is the shorter chromosome arm called
p arm
113
what is the longer chromosome arm called
q arm
114
What happens where there is two chromatids but one chromosome
There are 2 DNA molecules but one centromere
115
What happens most of the time in chromosomes
only one molecule of DNA
116
What numbers chromosomes
Size of the condensed chromosomes
117
What are the different centromere positons from closest to center to furtherst away
Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric and telocentric
118
What type of chromosome is the most stable
Metacentric
119
What is the haploid numbers
the number of chromosomes from one parent
120
what is the haploid number for humans
23
121
What is C
the mass of each DNA molecule
122
How much does DNA weigh
3.5*10^-12 cells
123
What is a karyogram
Visual profile of all chromosomes
124
What is a homologous pairs
the pairs of identical chromosomes
125
What do the light and dark reigions show
AT and GC pairs
126
What is a giesma stain
Bind more effectively to A's and T's meaning that the pale reigions are C's and G's
127
What are the types of chromatin
Euchromatin and heterochromatin
128
What chromatin will be used more often
Euchromatin
129
What are the proteins in chromatin
Histones
130
What PH is histones
Basic
131
What are the types of histone proteins
H1 H2a H2b H3 and H4
132
How long are haploid genomes
2 m
133
What does DNA wrap around
an octoma of histome
134
What joins the octoma
the H1 protein
135
How many octom are there wrapping DNA
2
136
What does DNA do after it wraps around the 2 octomer
it bends around the scaffold protein
137
How many proteins are in the nucleosome octomer
2 H2a 2 H2b 2 H3 and 2 H4
138
What does the chromatosome
the H1 protein
139
What are genes
Functional units of DNA
140
where does RNA in the body come from
complement of one of the DNA strands
141
What percentage of the genes encode protein
5%
142
What happens when DNA turns into messenger RNA
transmission
143
What is the coding strand
the strand being converted into RNA, except the T's become U's
144
What does helicase do
It unzips the DNA by breaking H bonds
145
What phase does DNA replication occur in
S phase
146
Do we need to replicate histones while replicating DNA
yes
147
What protein is required to transport histodones to the replication fork
Chromatin assembly factor 1
148
During the replication of DNA, are all histones transported in DNA replication newly synthesized
no, only some are
149
How was this experimentally proven
Cells were first replicated using a heavy amino acid base, then when transferred to a light amino acid base and replicated again, the DNA of the cell was at mixed densities as seen with centrifugation
150
Why are there multiple origins of replication
Due to the DNA being too long for one origin of replication
151
What do the telomeres have a pattern of
TTAGGG
152
What elements are needed for a replicated chromosome
Centromere, telomere and arms
153
What is the order of replication
Telomeres to Centromere
154
What is chromosome regulation regulated through
Control of location of initiation of replication (origin points), where the leading strand and lagging strand switch
155
Are origins usually telomeres
No due to origins being rich in Adenine and thymine
156
What is the ORC protein
A protein complex which recognises the location of DNA replication origins, binds to the origin and separates the strands
157
Is DNA replication unidirectional in eukaryotic cells
no
158
What is needed to initiate replication
For origins to be licenced which can only happen once per origin. This means that they are separated and ready for replication. This is the binding of the ORC and recruitment of the helicase
159
How many proteins are in DNA helicase
6
160
Why cannot proteins initiate twice
because the helicase hexomer denatures
161
What can help the ORC find the origin
ATP
162
What does CDC6 do
It combines with the ORC to be able to recruit the helicase only available in s phase
163
What does CDT1 do
loop the DNA around and attach DNA to the helicase, finishing the licensing process
164
What goes away after licensing occues
CDC6 and CDT1
165
What is DNA polymerase Alpha used for
Initiation of DNA replication at the origin
166
What happens at the end of replication
3' overhand
167
What does telomerase do
Add extra TTAGGG to the end of the DNA after the removal of primers
168
What does Messenger RNA do
encode proteins
169
What is the difference in the the backbone of RNA to DNA
RNA has OH meaning it has ribose, but DNA has deoxyribose
170
Is RNA or DNA more stable
DNA
171
What is RNA secondary structure like
It can wind back onto itself and can form unique structures because of the single helix
172
Can RNA form unusual base pairs
Yes, U-U and G=U (GU is weak)
173
What is a ribozyme
RNA that can catylyse a reaction
174
What way does the RNA helix go
Clockwise
175
What are the 2 RNA classes
Coding and noncoding
176
What does coding RNA do
read and synthesize proteins, use code to make proteins
177
What is the tRNAs for
Transfer amino acids to ribosome
177
What is the rRNA for
structures the ribosomes
178
What is lncRNA
long noncoding RNA
179
What are most RNA's used for
Ribosomes
180
What happens when protein synthesis....
Trnas and mRNA associate with ribosomes
181
What is the coding RNA
mRNA
182
What is ribosomes made of by mass
50% rna and 50% rna
183
What is S (Svedberg unit)
an indication of size due to sedimentation due to centrifuge
184
What is the ribozyme
28S rna
185
How many genes is rRNA synthesised from
2 genes with 4 different rRNAs
186
What is from a separate gene
the 5S rRNA (short one)
187
What is from the other gene
18, 5.8 and 28S RNA (longer 3)
188
What is the tRNA strtucture
Amino acids binds to the 3' end of RNA, the anticodon loop has 3 nucleotides. The anticodon and the 3' end is specific to which amino acid bonds to it
189
What is the codon on
mRNA
190
What is a notable difference in nucleus between females and males
Holds one of the X chromosomes and covers it with lncRNA, genes are only inherited on one x chromosome
191
What happened first in evolution
RNA
192
What are regulatory regions important for
control of transcription of rna
193
What happens if the reg region is close to the transcribe region
promotion
194
What happens if the reg region is not close to the transcribe region
enhance
195
What is an exon
directily transcribed into mRNA
196
what is a promoter
it is at the 5' end of the transcription region and synthesised rna
197
What must be made before any proteins can be synthesised
RNA
198
Can both strands be used as the template
no, only one known as the template strand, aka antisense, the other one is the sense gene or coding strand
199
What happens when rna polymerises
the triphosphate becomes a phosphate and the OH becomes an OPO4
200
Does RNA have directionality
yes, from 5' to 3'
201
Does initiation of transcription require a primer
no
202
What happens when RNA transcribes
DNA unwinds, polymerase goes through and preceding DNA reqineds, going backwards relative to the RNA
203
Where is the transcription start site
just after the promoter most of the time
204
What does the promoter do
determine template, transcription direction and where the transcription will start
205
Is the transcription termination site transcribed
yes, but it tells the primer to stop transcribing after
206
What is the transcription start site denoted as
+1
207
Is there a 0 for the transcription of RNA nucleotide numebrs
no, just goes to -1, upstream of the start site
208
Is the coding strand the exact same as the strand of rna
no, there are u's instead of t's, troloololoolooloooloolol
209
Hoe simple are rna polymerases
not simple at all, they have 10 common subunits and 7 unique subunits
210
What does rna polymerase 2 have
CTD which han be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated
211
What does the death cap mushroom do
stop transcription of rna
212
WHat happens first in transcription
polymerase binds
213
the start site forms a bubble, allowing the RNA polymerase to add rna, what process does this describe?
transcription
214
What is a nascent RNA
RNA during transcription
215
What polymerase transcribed genes have a core promoter
RNA polymerase II
216
What elements are common
TFIIB recognistion, TATA box, initiator element, downstream core promoter element
217
What is a y
c or t (pyramidines)
218
what is an R
a or g (purines)
219
What do tata boxes do
rapidly transcribe genes
220
What does tbp and tata binding proteins do
bind to the tata box and bends dna
221
What happens after the dna is bent in transcription
tfiif and polymerase binds to dna
222
what adds on after
tfiie and tfiih which has helicase activity
223
what does tfiih do
unwinds the dna
224
What does the carboxyl terminal end do in polymerase ii
activates and move away from the promoter, takes away the transcription factor and polymerises rna
225
What is the regulatory promotors function
bind transcription factors
226
What are econic and intronic sequences
extrons are real rna bits, introns are leftovers
227
What is the consensus sequence
tells when its cleavaged
228
When does the RNA get rid ov exxons
when transcription occurs
229
How does RNA capping work
RNA capping attaches 7-methylguanosine to the 5' end to the rna. The 5' cap protects rna from exonuclease. It forms a triphosphate bond
230
What is the polyadenylaition for
protects RNA from decomposing on the 3' end
231
What does the AAUAAA sequence identify in rna
shows cleavage point 10-30 nucleotides ahead
232
What is at the 5' end of the intron
GU
233
What is at the 3' end of the intron
AG
234
What is the branch point of the intron
235
What does a splicosome do
splices exxons and introns and catylyzes the splicing reactions
236
Why does the intron loop
5' end of the g nucleotide and the 2' of the branch point attatch through phosphate
237
What is a spliceosome
Complex of snRNPs, ENA lariat formed
238
How does splicing form
2' OH of A forms covalent bond via nucleophillic attack with 5'P of intron G, then the intermeddiate bits are removed, then it loops
239
Does splicing of RNA skip exons when it gets spliced together
yes
240
Do all genes have the same splicing structure
no
241
Are introns always small
no
242
What are codons
code what an amino acid is
243
What states a protein in RNA
3 digit combination of RNA
244
Does genetic code overlap for proteins
no (DUH)
245
What does the TRNA do
binds the aino acid
246
What soes aminoacyl-trna synthetase
Alloes the TRNA to bind to the amino acid
247
What are the binding sites for trna
E site (exit), P site,(peptide bonds) and A site (Entrance site)
248
Is mrna in the large or small ribosomal unit
small
249
What is an APE
A black person troloolooll or the order of the trna's from entry to exit
250
WHat attatches to the peptide site
the proteins
251
What does elongation factor g do
accept the new trna, where the anticodon is the same as the codon for mrna
252
What is the wobble position
the unusual base pairings for rna
253
What wobbles
the GU bond
254
What does not wobble at the 5' end of the anticodon
A and c
255
What initiates most proteins
methianine
256
What dissociates when the met dinds the initiation part of RNA
the initiation factors dissociate
257
What moves first in ribosomes
large subunit, then small subunit, then exit exits and then the new a enters
258
What is a stop codons function
Markes as UAA UAG or UGA, the transfer rna has no amino acid attatched meaning that they all exit after no amino acid is found.
259
How many neuromuscular junctions do muscle fibers have
1
260
Does a nerve control one muscle fiber
no
261
What does the number of junctions per neuron tell us about the muscle
lots = big and powerful, few = small and precice
262
Where do motor neurons come from
straight out the spinal chord
263
What controls muscle
primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract
264
What is the upper motor neuron in
CNS
265
How quick are the lower motor neurons
very
266
What controls most subconscious actions
reflex
267
how many synapses is a monosynaptic reflex
2 bc science .....
268
What are the synapses
sensoryneuron -> motor -> neuromuscular junction
269
What is the polysynaptic reflex for
it involves modular neurons as well, extra motor neurons
270
What is the point for PSR (NOT PULSARS)
To make movement inhibitory
271
What is the fertilised eggs
A zygote
272
What changes the gene expression of cells
differentiation
273
What establishes polarity
the egg
274
What influences gene expression
cell contact, hormones, morphogens
275
Where is the receptors of hormones
In the nuclear membrane
276
What can polarity do
It can allow shapes of animals/plants to become distinct
277
What is needed for different cell types
different transcription factors, meaning there are cell or tissue specific transcription factors
278
What differentiates with cells to differentiate cell types
difering phenotype
279
What is pluripotent
Most cells have the same nuclei
280
do genes change
no
281
What is special about B cells
they synthesise antibodies , meaning their dna is special
282
What is beta actin
Cytoskeletal protein, needed for all cells
283
What does tyrosine aminotransferase do
transfer tyrosine to amino acids
284
Are genes expressed in all cells
no
285
What is a sign of differentiation
rapid proliferation
286
What happens when replicates end
3' overhang at the ends for stability
287
What makes DNA more active
increased accessibility
288
What is less active euchromatin or heterochromatin
heterochromatin
289
What causes gene expression
proteins
290
What is DNase 1
Something that allows access to dna
291
Does DNAse 1 change where it accesses dna throughout the creatures life
yes
292
What can aceytylisation do to basic amino acids
This neutralises the basic amino acid, detacthing the dna from the histone octomer
293
What does the HAT do
They add acetyl groups to the histone proteins, decreasing the affinity of histone proteins
294
What does HDAC do
remove acetyl groups
295
What makes euchromatin
hyperacetylated regions
296
what makes heterochromatin
hypoacetylated regions
297
Where do we modify the histone proteins
at the end
298
What is methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquination
the other codes for the histone proteins
299
What can effect from histone modification
Diseases, cancers and neurological disorders
300
Do we maintain the location of dnase 1 intergenerationally
yes
301
What is SWI/SNF
An ATP dependent complex, pushes the dna around nucleosomes to access the TATA box
302
303
What can we do with SWI/SNF
Allow transcription to happen
304
What is methylation
Adding a methyl group to the base. This promotes against transcription. This is used with CPG islands, where C's alternate with G's
305
Why does methyltion of c's and g's stop the DNA from opening
It recruits deacetylase protins, getting rid of acetyls to stop transcription to occur
306
What is fragile x syndrome
There are lots of C's and G's in the DNA, stopping transcription of proteins
307
What is epigenetics
Non-sequence changes to DNA, the histone access is differnet
308
What is cis acting control
sequence on the dna
309
What is an enhancer and repressor
promote or demote the quantity of transcription of that protein
310
What is a promoter proximal element
promoters
311
Are there trans-acting transcription factors
yes
312
What is cooperative binding
TF's bind to each other to bend the dna which can increase transcription speed
313
What is a transcriptional activator
increases gene expression
313
what is a transcriptional repressor
decreases gene expression
314
What is a protein domain
Functional part of a protein which can fold to give a specific structure
315
Is there only one transcription factor for activators/repressors
not always
316
What does the cap and tail do to the messenger rna
It stops the messenger RNA from being degraded through signalling that it hasn't been damaged
317
Why do genes have introns
because you can make many proteins from one region
318
What is the process of exporting rna
It is delayed until processed completely
319
Do ribosomes move to MRNA
sort of
320
What are the three ways of MRNA to go
directed transport to anchor proteins on cytoskeleton, random diffusion and degredation
321
What charge is to the center of the cell for cytoskeleton
-ve
322
What is dyesin for
moving to the center
323
what is kinesin for
moving away from the center of the cell
324
What causes development of humans anterior and posterior
protein polarity
325
What is the median half life of mrna
10 hours
326
What is the effect of a longer half life
you can translate more proteins
327
What causes mrna to degrade
the shortening of the poly-a tail by nuclease
328
What happens when the poly a tail less than 25 exists in mrna
decapping then there is rapid forward degredation or continued degredation
329
What is eIF
Binds to the 5' cap to prevent degredation
330
what is the poly-a tail binding protein
it is a protein that bings to the a cap
331
What is the effect pf having the cap and the polytail
it causes it to be ready for translation
332
What causes the a tail to go
the deadenylase competing with the binding protein
333
How many genes do we have for each thing
2
334
Where does mitochondrial DNA come from
mother
335
What is a genomes
complete composition of an organism
336
what is identical within all humans
99.9% of all the genomes
337
When is the human genome completed
2003
338
What is the percentage of genes that are exons
1-2%
339
What percentage is non coding DNA
92%
340
What is over 50% of our genome
repeditive DNA
341
What is the non coding DNA for
that make non coding RNA, centromeres, telomeres
342
What decreases when the organism increases in complexity
fewer coding DNA
343
What does not correlate with complexity
number of nucleotides and number of chromosomes
344
What percentage of our genome is actually teanscribed
90%
345
how many protein coding genes are there
20000
346
What is the length of protein coding genes
53600
347
What is the gene density
1 per 120000 bases
348
What is relationship of proteins determined by
amino acid bases
349
What is a homolog
gene related to antother gene by descent from ancestry
350
What are paralogs
derived from a same species but different genes
351
what are orthologs
different species but same gene
352
What is highly conserved during evolution
histones
353
What is a pseudogene
duplication of genes with one functioning and one not functioning
354
how many pseudogenes are there
10000
355
What caused mutations in the pseudogenes
it not being necessary to function
356
what is the symbol of the pseudogene
trident
357
what is the alpha globin gene on
16
358
what is the beta gene on
11
359
are there multiple genes being expressed for haemoglobin
yes
360
what are microsatelites
1 to 6 base pair repetition
361
What is replicative slippage
where the dna bends onto itself and skups a number during replication
362
what is an example of a mistake with microsatelites
huntingtons and fragile x
363
What is a minisatelite
big microsatelite
364
What are the chromosome variations
Duplication of gene, deletion of genes, translocation (replace), inversion (switch), missing chromosome, extra chromosomes
365
What is naked dna like
highly recombinogenic, it can switsch around easily
366
What will allow survival of cells
one centromere + 2 telomeres
367
What is the chromoseome abbreciations
letters for genes and dots for centromere
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What are the effects of deletionds
deletion of centromere, homozygous lethal deletions, heterozygous defective deletion, pseudominance recessive allele epressed, haploinsufficient gene, only one copy where 2 are needed
369
what is a tandem duplication
duplication next to each other
370
What is a wild type chromosome
natural chromosomee
371
What causes dupliction of gene sequences
misalignment
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what is a paracentric inversion
inversion not including the centromere
373
what is a pericentric inversion
inversion including the centromere
374
what is formed when duplicationg inversion of genes
inversion loop
375
what is the unusual structure of inversions whem duplicatefd
there having one with 2 centromeres and one with no centromeres
376
What does the dicentric bridge do eventually
split in two
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What is a reciprical translocation
where genes sqitch between chromosomes
378
what is a non recirprocal rare translocation
where one gene is transferred into another where the other is kept the same
379
what does the transloction of the philadelphia chromosome do
lukemia, the chromosomes are swapped between chromosome 22 and chromoseome 9
380
what does the ge e fusion do
promote a kinase
381
what is a robertsonian transocation
2 acrocentric chromosomes, one on 14 and one of 21, where you get a long chromosome and a small chromosome
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