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Human Histology (LEC) > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

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1
Q

consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

composed of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves conducting impulses to and from the CNS (sensory and motor nerves) and ganglia that are small aggregates of nerve cells outside the CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

Sensory division (afferent) 2

A

Somatic, Visceral

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4
Q

Motor division (efferent) 2

A

Somatic, Autonomic

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5
Q

Sensory division (afferent)

sensory perceived consciously (eg, from eyes ears, skin, musculoskeletal structures)

A

Somatic

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6
Q

Sensory division (afferent)

sensory input not perceived consciously (eg, from internal organs, cardiovascular structures)

A

Visceral

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7
Q

Motor division (efferent)

motor output not controlled consciously (eg, heart or gland effectors)

A

Autonomic

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8
Q

Motor division (efferent)

motor output controlled consciously or voluntarily (eg, by skeletal muscle effectors)

A

Somatic

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9
Q

Its ganglia within or near the effector organs, maintains normal body homeostasis

A

parasympathetic division

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10
Q

its ganglia close to the CNS and controls the body’s responses during emergencies and excitement

A

sympathetic division

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11
Q

functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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12
Q

the thin sheath around a nerve axon,
acts as a “cell membrane”

A

Neurilemma

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13
Q

Serves as the “trophic center” for the
entire neuron

A

Cell Body

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14
Q

Most of the cell bodies make up the
_ _ (darkly stained) and is
found peripherally in the brain and
deeper in the spinal cord

A

gray matter

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15
Q

large masses or regions with concentrated RER and polyribosomes; chromatophilic substances

A

Nissl bodies

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16
Q

Transmits impulses away the cell body

A

Axons

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17
Q

pyramid-shaped region of cell body where the axon
originates

A

Axon hillock

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18
Q

contains the contents, acts as the cytoplasm

A

Axoplasm

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19
Q

Dilated ends of small axonal branch which contains abundant mitochondria and synaptic vesicles where neurotransmitters are released

A

Terminal bouton (Presynaptic Axon Terminal)

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20
Q

Made of Schwann cells (PNS) or Oligodendrocytes
(CNS)

A

Neurilemmal sheath

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21
Q

Compacted layers of cell membrane internal to neurilemmal sheath

A

Myelin

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22
Q

Movement from the cell body
through axonal microtubules
(via __) to the synaptic
terminals

A

Anterograde Transport (Forward)

Kinesin

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23
Q

Movement from the periphery
through axonal microtubules
(via __) to the cell body

A

Retrograde Transport (Backward)

Dynein

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24
Q

Principal signal reception and processing sites

A

Dendrites

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25
Short, small processes emerging and branching off the soma
Dendrites
26
Extensive arborization or branching
Dendrites
27
Presence of dendritic spine
Dendrites
28
Most of the synapses occur here
Dendrites
29
Functions for neural plasticity: The capacity of the nervous system to modify itself in response to experience and injury
Dendrites
30
neurons support for survival; 10x abundant than neurons; existing six types
Glial Cells
31
Myelin production, electrical insulin
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cell
32
Structural and metabolic support of neurons, especially at synapses; repair processes
Astrocyte
33
Aid production and movement of CSF
Ependymal cell
34
Defense and immune related activities
Microglia
35
Structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies
Satellite cells (of ganglia)
36
functions for the circulation of the CSF,as well as its production
Ependymal cells
37
monocytederived, antigen-presenting cells of the CNS (CNS Macrophage)
Microglia
38
MOTILE CELLS, used for immune surveillance of CNS tissues; causes phagocytosing damage in times of danger and stress.
Microglia
39
functions to insulate, nourish, and regulate the microenvironment of the neuronal cell bodies.
Satellite glial cells
40
SATELLITE CELLS →
SUPPORTING CELLS
41
Major structures comprising the CNS including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
42
completely covered by connective tissue layers (meninges)
Central Nervous System
43
tissue contains very little collagen making it relatively soft and easily damaged by injuries
Central Nervous System
44
Many regions show organized areas of white matter and gray matter
Central Nervous System
45
made up of cell bodies, making it darker in color
Gray matter
46
made up of myelinated axons, which makes it lighter in color
White matter
47
Cerebral Cortex pyramid-shaped cell bodies that vary in size and arise from the 5th or ganglion in layer of the neocortex forming most of the efferent pathway
Pyramidal cells
48
Cerebral Cortex largest pyramidal cells in the motor cortex
Betz Cells
49
Cerebral Cortex Small neurons with short vertical axon and several short branching dendrites, giving the cell body a star-shape
Stellate Cells (Granule Cells)
50
Cerebral Cortex Small polygonal cells usually found in the most superficial layer
Cells of Martinotti
51
Cerebral Cortex Spindle-shaped cells oriented at right angles to the surface of the cerebral cortex and found in deeper layers
Fusiform Cells
52
Cerebral Cortex Small and spindle-shaped but oriented parallel to the surface and considered as the least common type.
Horizontal Cells of Cajal
53
It coordinates muscular activity and maintains posture and equilibrium.
Cerebellum
54
Cerebellum consists of neuropil and scattered neuronal cell bodies
Thick Outer Molecular Layer
55
Cerebellum consists only of very large neurons called Purkinje cells
Thin Middle Layer
56
Cerebellum contains various very small, densely packed neurons and little neuropil
Thick Inner Granular Layer
57
White matter is peripheral and the gray matter forms a deeper, “H” shaped/butterfly-like mass
Spinal Cord
58
Spinal Cord contains the cell bodies of the large alpha lower motor neurons
Anterior / Ventral Horn
59
Spinal Cord contains the cell bodies of small secondorder sensory neurons
Posterior/Dorsal Horn
60
Functional barrier that allows much tighter control over the passage of substances moving from blood into the CNS tissue
Blood Brain Barrier
61
62
Protects neurons and glia from exogenous substances (toxins, etc.), and helps maintain the composition and balance of ions in the interstitial fluid.
Blood Brain Barrier
63
Blood Brain Barrier’s Composition main structural component since the junctions between endothelial cells are sealed (zonula occludens)
Capillary endothelium
64
Blood Brain Barrier’s Composition surrounds the capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
65
Blood Brain Barrier’s Composition it envelopes the basement membrane
limiting layer of perivascular astrocytic feet
66
provides the main pathway for CSF absorption back into the venous circulation
Arachnoid Villi
67
Highly vascular tissue → projecting into the large ventricles of the brain
Choroid Plexus
68
Found in the roofs of the third and fourth ventricles and in parts of the two lateral ventricular walls, all regions in which the ependymal lining directly contacts the pia mater.
Choroid Plexus
69
Each villus of the choroid plexus contains a thin layer of wellvascularized pia mater covered by cuboids of ependymal cells.
Choroid Plexus
70
remove water from the blood and release it as the CSF
Choroid Plexus
71
Components of the PNS
Nerves ● Ganglia ● Nerve Endings
72
Components of the PNS Congruent to CNS tracts
Nerve Fibers
73
Components of the PNS Contains axons enclosed within the sheaths of glial cells ○ Sheathed by Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes
Nerve Fibers
74
whitish, glistening appearance due to their myelin and collagen content
Nerves
75
Nerve Organization surrounds an axon
Endoneurium
76
Nerve Organization surrounds a group of axons (forming fascicles); makes up the blood-nerve barrier
Perineurium
77
Nerve Organization surrounds a group of fascicles (forming peripheral nerves)
Epineurium
78
Ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and glial satellite cells
Ganglia
79
Relay stations to transmit nerve impulses
Ganglia
80
Neurons of these ganglia are Pseudounipolar
Sensory ganglia
81
receive ardent impulses that go to the CNS
Sensory ganglia
82
No perineurium (No blood-nerve barrier function)
Sensory ganglia
83
Neurons of these ganglia are multipolar neurons
Autonomic Ganglia
84
Nerves affect the activity of involuntary activities
Autonomic Ganglia
85
Maintains homeostasis
Autonomic Ganglia

Human Histology (LEC) (17 decks)

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