Obesity (social influence)

Question 1

The ‘social facilitation’ of eating refers to the effect whereby…

Answer 1

People eat more in groups than alone

Question 2

People eat more in groups than when they’re alone. This is referred to as -

Answer 2

Social facilitation

Question 3

What phenomena did de Castro & de Castro (1989) do research into?

Answer 3

Social facilitation

Question 4

Method to assess food consumption behaviour

Answer 4

Food diary data

Question 5

What did de Castro x2 (1989) find regarding social facilitation?

Answer 5

Pps ate 44% more when eating with others compared to alone

Question 6

4 Limitations of de Castro x2 (1989) research on social facilitation?

Answer 6

1) Self-report
2) Correlational data
3) Alcohol increases food intake
4) Tend to eat with family/friends

Question 7

de Castro & de Castro (1989) - what was the method?

Answer 7

Food diary data - 7 days

Social setting recorded (self or with others)

Question 8

Research by Clendenen, Herman and Polivy (1994) (social facilitation) aimed to establish…

Answer 8

Is SF found under controlled lab settings?

Do effects extend when eating with strangers?

Question 9

Research by Clendenen, Herman and Polivy (1994)

Method

Answer 9

Pps allocated to

Solo
Eat pairs
Eat 4s
Friends/strangers

Question 10

Research by Clendenen, Herman and Polivy (1994)

Findings - Pairs/Fours

Answer 10

Greater intake compared to solo eaters

Question 11

Research by Clendenen, Herman and Polivy (1994)

Conclusion

Answer 11

Social influences are greatest when eating with other ppl rather than strangers

Question 12

Why does Research by Clendenen, Herman and Polivy (1994) CONTRADICT De Castro?

Answer 12

de Castro correlation assumption - the more people, the more eating

Question 13

4 Explanations for social facilitation of eating

Answer 13

1) Time extension theory
2) Arousal
3) Distraction
4) Modelling

Question 14

What is the Time Extension Theory of social facilitation?

Answer 14

Meals take longer in groups –> food cue exposure –> greater intake

Question 15

What is the Distraction theory of social facilitation?

Answer 15

Not monitoring intake

Reduced awareness of fullness

Question 16

What do EXPERIMENTAL rather than CORRELATIONAL relationships tell us about social influence?

Answer 16

They demonstrate a cause and effect relationship!

Question 17

1) Time extension theory
2) Arousal
3) Distraction
4) Modelling

Are all theories of…

Answer 17

Social facilitation of eating

Question 18

“Not monitoring intake,

Reduced awareness of fullness” - This is a description of what theory?

Answer 18

Distraction theory

Question 19

“Meals take longer in groups –> food cue exposure –> greater intake”

This is a description of what theory?

Answer 19

Time Extension Theory

Question 20

Describe ‘Social Modelling’ as an explanation for social facilitation?

Answer 20

Amount social others eat impacts amount eaten

Question 21

How do experiments regarding social modelling manipulate how much others eat?

Answer 21

Confederates who eat large or small amounts

Question 22

In regards to ‘social modelling’, does it matter who the confederate is?

Answer 22

No for males

Yes for females - ate less if confederate was attractive

Question 23

Why might social modelling be influenced by attractiveness of confederate for females only?

Answer 23

Self presentation, eat less to appear more ‘feminine’

Question 24

What are PERCEIVED social norms?

Answer 24

What we believe most do/approve of

Question 25

"What we believe most others do/approve of"

Answer 25

Perceived social norms

Question 26

Name two types of perceived social norm (I & D)

Answer 26

Descriptive | Injunctive

Question 27

Descriptive Injunctive Two examples of...

Answer 27

Perceived social norms

Question 28

What is a descriptive perceived social norm?

Answer 28

Perceptions about what other people tend to do

Question 29

"Perceptions about what other people tend to do" - this is an example of

Answer 29

A descriptive perceived social norm

Question 30

What is an injunctive social norm?

Answer 30

Perceptions of what others approve of

Question 31

de Castro & de Castro named their finding...

Answer 31

Social correlation

Question 32

Why did de Castro x2 name their finding social correlation?

Answer 32

As number of people increased, food intake increased

Question 33

Why is de Castro x2's study being correlational a limitation?

Answer 33

Cannot establish cause & effect - other explanations?

Question 34

4 explanations for social facilitation

Answer 34

1) time extension theory 2) arousal 3) distraction 4) social modelling

Question 35

"We aren't monitoring intake so have a reduced awareness of fullness" - which explanation for social facilitation is this?

Answer 35

Distraction

Question 36

Arousal can either _____ or ______ appetite

Answer 36

Activate | Suppress

Question 37

Time Extension Theory is the idea that when we eat with others...

Answer 37

Time eating is extended (interaction), meal is spread out

Question 38

What is social modelling

Answer 38

The amount social others eat impacts the amount eating

Question 39

"We eat similar amounts to our friends in a group" What is this?

Answer 39

Social modelling

Question 40

What do studies use to examine the effects of social modelling?

Answer 40

Confederates

Question 41

Conger et al., (1980) found that when confederates eat small amounts...

Answer 41

Participants do to

Question 42

Robinson (2014) measured fruit and veg intake after a descriptive/injuctive social norm message. What was found?

Answer 42

Descriptive norms = > veg intake for low veg consumers

Question 43

Example of a descriptive norm based message

Answer 43

Most people here choose to eat fruit and vegetables with their lunch

Question 44

Example of an indicative norm message

Answer 44

A majority of HS students think other HS students should eat more fruit

Question 45

Generally, ______ social norms have little effect

Answer 45

Injunctive

Question 46

Generally, indicative social norms have ______ effect

Answer 46

Little

Question 47

A dynamic social norm provides...

Answer 47

Information on how other people's behaviour is changing over time

Question 48

Study of DYNAMIC SOCIAL NORMS (Sparkman & Walton, 2017) | What was the experimental/control group:

Answer 48

Experimental: dynamic norm Control: static norm

Question 49

Difference between dynamic norm and static norm

Answer 49

Dynamic norm describes how behaviour is CHANGING

Question 50

Study of DYNAMIC SOCIAL NORMS (Sparkman & Walton, 2017) Which group was the interest higher for for changing behaviour?

Answer 50

Dynamic reported more interest in changing

Question 51

Benefits of social norm findings...

Answer 51

- Inform about appropriate portion size | - Apply to public health interventions

Question 52

The EFFECT OF SOCIAL INFLUENCES CAN VARY DEPENDING ON...

Answer 52

1) Need for social acceptance 2) In vs outgroup 3) Body weight

Question 53

How might need for social acceptance influence the effects of social influence on eating?

Answer 53

Low self esteem/high empathy - greater modelling

Question 54

Low/high self esteem and low/high empathy are associated with greater social modelling

Answer 54

Low | High

Question 55

Low/high self esteem and low/high empathy are associated with LESS social modelling

Answer 55

High | Low

Question 56

How might body weight impact whether an individual is affected by social influence?

Answer 56

More modelling if social other is same weight

Question 57

How might in-group/out-group norms affect whether an individual is impacted by social norms?

Answer 57

Undesirable outgroup eats healthily = unhealthy eating and vice versa

Question 58

The effect of social norm messages can depend on the type used. I.e.

Answer 58

Descriptive more effective than injunctive