Organic Chem Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
solvent used in the process of extraction
which is selective in its action
A
Menstruum
2
Q
chief constituent of the drug
A
Derivatives/extractives
3
Q
undissolved portion of the drug that remains
after the extraction process
A
Marc
4
Q
knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals
A
Pharmacognosy
5
Q
Father of Modern Plant Chemistry
A
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
5
Q
are vegetable/animal drugs that consist of natural
substances that have undergone only the processes of
collection & drying
A
Crude drugs
6
Q
study of the composition of plant principles with their
extraction, biosynthesis and identification
A
Phytochemistry
7
Q
obtained from drugs
of biologic origin or prepared synthetically or semi
synthetically
A
Drug Constituents
8
Q
antigenic matter or antibody
preparations capable of developing a state of immunity in
the patients
A
Biologics
9
Q
Galen
A
Greek pharmacist-physician described the method
of preparing formulas containing plant & animal
drugs (galenical preparations)
9
Q
Wrote “De Materia Medica”
A
Pedanios Dioscorides
10
Q
first to introduce the word pharmacognosy in
his title “Lehrbuch der Materia Medica”
A
J.A. Schmidt
11
Q
first to coined the word Pharmacognosy in his
work “Analectica Pharmacognostica
A
C.A. Seydler
12
Q
A collection of hymns predating 1000 B.C.
A
Vedas of India
12
Q
Paper scroll
A
Egyptian Papyrus Ebers
13
Q
Chinese drug encyclopedia
A
Pen-ts’ao kang mu
14
Q
Abundant in plants but lower in value
A
Primary Metabolites
15
Q
modified drying process that converts inert
constituents to its active form
A
Curing
16
Q
Cause precipitation/other chemical changes in a
medicinal preparation
A
Pharmaceutically Active
16
Q
final step in the preparation of crude drugs
A
Garbling
16
Q
essential to the study of adulterants in powdered
drugs & in the identification of powdered drugs
A
Microscopic
16
Q
Unique to a particular specie, usually possessing
therapeutic value
A
Secondary Metabolites
16
Q
refers to the intrinsic value of the drug; amount of
medicinal/active principles/constituents present
A
Quality
17
Q
includes macroscopic appearance, odor & taste,
sound of snap of fracture, & the feel of the drug
A
Organoleptic
17
application to crude drugs is rare but extensively
applied to active principles of drugs
Physical test
18
applied to the evaluation and
standardization of drug
Pharmacologic/Biologic Assay/Bioassay
19
UV-VIS Spectroscopy - plant pigments
Instrumental
20
best method of determining
the official potency of drugs
- Example: color reaction tests
Chemical Assay
21
Responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug
Pharmacologically Active
22
Responsible for the therapeutic effect
Active Constituents
22
Study of the biochemical pathway leading to the formation
of secondary constituents used as drugs
Biogenesis
23
Do not exert any therapeutic effect/have no
definite pharmacologic activity
Inert Constituents
24
Identity of the constituents vary according to the
stage of development of the plant
Ontogeny
25
can be hydrolyzed into two saccharide units
Disaccharides
26
glucose, fructose
Sucrose
27
glucose, glucose
Maltose
28
Lactose
glucose, galactose
29
Cellobiose
glucose, glucose
30
glucose, glucose,
fructose
Gentianose
30
glucose, glucose
Trehalose
31
Sophorose
glucose, glucose
31
glucose, xylose
Primeverose
31
Raffinose
galactose, glucose,
fructose
32
saccharum
Sucrose
33
Scillatriose
rhamnose, glucose,
glucose
33
Planteose
glucose, fructose,
galactose
33
Manneotriose
galactose,
galactose, glucose
34
Containing 2 - 10 saccharide units
Oligosaccharides
35
Also known as glycan
Polysaccharides
36
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
is to neutralize the plant acids
37
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
to decolorize the juice
38
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
(residual dark colored syrup obtained
from sucrose production)
39
Prepared by controlled enzymatic isomerization of
glucose
Fructose
39
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
(limp slivers from sliced sugar beets)
39
Fruit sugar
Fructose
40
liquid left after separation of cream
Skimmed milk
40
Occurs naturally in grapes & other fruits
Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
Dextrose
41
fat globules that rise to the top
Cream
41
liquid left when butter is removed
Buttermilk
41
fat globules that unite when milk is churned
Butter
42
liquid separated from the coagulum -
contains lactose and inorganic salts
Whey
43
evaporation of milk in a vacuum
& sterilization by autoclaving
Condensed milk
43
formed when skimmed milk is treated
with rennin
Coagulum
43
fermented milk
Kumyss
44
obtained after proper treatment of the
coagulum
Cheese
45
evaporating milk with extract of malt
Malted milk
46
Therapeutic use is to decrease blood ammonia
concentration in portal-systemic encephalopathy
Lactulose
47
Wood sugar - diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal
absorption
Xylose
47
Succus cerasi - Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae)
Contains 1% malic acid
Cherry Juice
48
- Dicarboxylic acid
- By-product of the wine industry
- Used in:
o buffer system
o effervescent formulations
Tartaric acid
49
- Tricarboxylic acid
- Lemon juice (Scheele)
- Commercially from limes, lemons &
pineapples
- Used as acidulant, systemic alkalinizer in
buffer system )
Citric acid
50
fermented grape juice
Wine
50
- By lactic fermentation of sugars
- Used as:
o acidulant in infant feeding formulas
o treatment of metabolic acidosis
Lactic acid
51
from wine
Brandy
52
fermented grain
Beer
53
Triticum aestivum
wheat
53
Zea mays (Poaceae)
corn
53
a hexitol from ripe berries of mountain ash
of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae)
Sorbitol
53
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
dextran, xanthan
Microbial Gums
53
from fermented malted grain
Whiskey
53
from fermented molasses
Rum
53
Solanum tuberosum
potato
54
isolation from manna (dried saccharine
exudate of Fraxinus ornus (Oleaceae)
Mannitol
55
Mixture of two structurally different polysaccharides:
a) amylose
b) amylopectin
Starch
56
D-fructofuranose polymer
Inulin
56
Citrus grandis
Pomelo
57
- reaction of cellulose with caustic soda
and methyl chloride
- bulk laxative, suspending agent, topical
protectant (artificial tears)
Methylcellulose
57
Most abundant organic compound in nature
Cellulose
57
Cellulose occurs as very fine threads called
microfibrils
57
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
hetastarch, CMC, hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl
cellulose, oxidized cellulose
Starch & Cellulose Derivatives
57
Is an α-1,6-linked polyglucan from sucrose by the
action of (dextran sucra) in Leuconostoc
mesenteroides
Dextran
58
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
agar, carageenan, algin
Marine Gums
58
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
pectin
Plant Extract
58
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
guar, locust bean, psyllium
Seed Gums
58
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
tragacanth, acacia, karaya
Shrub/ Tree Exudates
58
Lemon
Citrus Iimon
59
Dalanghita
Citrus nobilis
60
Orange
Citrus aurantium
61
Ponkan
Citrus sinensis
62
Kalamansi
Citrus microcarpa
63
Citrus autantifolia
Lime
64
Are ester of fatty acids and alcohol
o fats and fixed oils – ester of FA & glycerol
o waxes- ester of FA and HMW alcohol
Simple Lipid
65
Ester off FA, alcohol and another compound
Ex. Glycolipids, phospholipids
Compound Lipid
66
Products of simple and compound lipids upon
hydrolysis
Derived Lipid
67
Esters of high molecular weight monohydric alcohol &
high molecular weight fatty acids
Exs. Spermaceti
Waxes
68
Esters of glycerol & fatty acids
Exs. Olive oil, wool fat
Fixed Oils & Fats
69
Alcohols containing The cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus
Sterols
70
Esters containing glycerol in combination with fatty
acids, phosphoric acid & certain nitrogenous compounds
Exs. Lecithin
Phospholipids/Phosphatides
71
subst. isolated from the brain & other sources w/c on
hydrolysis yields fatty acid, galactose, & nitrogenous
compound
Ex. Sphingosine
Glycolipids/ Cerebrosides
72
using hydraulic presses
Expression
72
using organic solvents
Extraction
73
with steam w/ or w/o pressure
Rendering
74
The no. of mg of KOH reqd. to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of the substance
Acid Value/ Acid Number
74
The no. of mg of KOH reqd.to neutralize the free fatty
acid and saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the
substance.
Saponification Value
75
The no. of g of iodine absorbed under prescribed
condition by 100 g of the substance
Iodine Value
76
Indicates the degree of unsaturation
Iodine Value
77
obtained by reacting H2SO4 w/ the oil keeping the
temperature by chilling
Sulfated/ Sulfonated Oils
78
prepared by passing H2 the presence of Nickel/Paladium through the oil heated to 160 to 200
Hydrogenated Oils
79
Terminating 2nd trimester pregnancy
Prostaglandin F2a, PGE2a or Dinoprost
79
oxidation-reduction reaction
Oxidoreductases
80
Are C20 metabolites formed in the body from essential,
unsaturated fatty acids of the diet
Prostaglandins
81
Are obtained from the hydrolysis of fats or oils
Fatty Acids
82
transfer of a group other than H
Transferases
83
hydrolysis of esters, ether, peptide, etc.
Hydrolases
84
removal of a group from substrate by mechanism other than hydrolysis
Lyases
85
linkage of two compounds
Ligases/synthetases
86
bleeding (nosebleed) is the principal sign of
overdose
Heparin Na
86
interconversion of optic, geometric & positional isomers
Isomerases
87
nitrogenous organic substances produced by &
associated with living matter
the primary component of all living matter
are macromolecules which differ primarily from each other
in the number & kinds of amino acid residues present & in
the sequence of these in the polymer chain
PROTEINS
88
drugs of
choice when immediate anticoagulation effect
is desired
Heparin Na
89
can be antagonized by protamine SO4
Heparin Na
90
1st available agent used for dissolving blood clots
Streptokinase
91
sugar ethers
Glycosides
92
compounds that yields one or more sugars among the
products of hydrolysis
Glycosides
93
condensation products of sugars with various kinds of
organic compounds with added restriction that the OH of
the hemiacetal portion of the carbon must participate in
the condensation
Glycosides
94
chemically, are acetals in which the OH of the sugar is
condensed with the OH of the nonsugar components and
the 2nd OH is condensed within the sugar molecule itself
to form an oxide ring
Glycosides
95
Black mustard (enzyme)
Myrosin
95
Black mustard (glycosside)
Sinigrin
96
From the seeds of cruciferous plant
Isothiocyanate Glycosides
97
White mustard
Sinalbin
98
o referred to as vitamin P or Permeability factors
o treatment of capillary bleeding
RUTIN AND HESPERIDIN
99
Rape seed
Gluconapin
100
represent a group
of bound poisons like the cyanogenic glycosides
GLUCOSINOLATES
101
Term applied by Okuda to a newly-discovered group of
tannins which are biosynthesized from both hydrolyzable
and a condensed tannin
Complex Tannins
102
Are complex substances usually occur as mixtures of
polyphenols that are difficult to separate because they do
not crystallize
Tannins
103
trx of burns
Tannins
103
Simple phenolic compounds often (often of low molecular
weight) present with tannin
Pseudotannins
104
form colloidal solution w/ water possessing acid
reaction w/ SHARP PUCKERING TASTE
Tannins
105
They may at certain conditions give precipitates with gelatin but do not respond to goldbeater’s skin test.
Pseudotannins
106
form dark blue/ greenish black soluble Compounds with
Fe salts
Tannins
107
forms deep red color w/ K ferricyanide and ammonia
Tannins
108
manufacture of inks
Tannins
109
reagent in the detection of gelatin, proteins and alkaloids
Tannins
110
antidote for alkaloidal poisoning
Tannins
111
also known as essences, ethereal oils, essential oils
Volatile Oils
112
odorous principles found in various plant parts
Volatile Oils
113
BASE NOTES
low volatility & high tenacity
(vanillin, musk, civet, ambergris). Provide staying
power for the perfume
114
evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperatures
Volatile Oils
115
generally are colorless but on standing are oxidized and
resinified thus darkening in color
Volatile Oils
116
Are judicious blends of odorants, each having its own
particular odor but whose combined odor is
characteristically unique
PERFUMES
117
most volatile (lemon oil, lavender,
anise) odorants
TOP NOTES
117
with intermediate volatility &
tenacity (thyme, neroli oil, rose oil)
MIDDLE NOTES
118
the HC portion of the oil which is liquid
Eleoptene
119
- formed via the acetate- mevalonic acid pathway
- are natural products whose structures maybe
divided into isoprene units
TERPENES
119
the oxidized HC portion of the oil which are
usually solid (with exceptions)
Stearoptenes
120
Are natural products whose structures may be divided
into isoprene units.
Are also called isoprenoids
Terpenoids
121
Are natural products of mixed biosynthetic origin
MEROTERPENOIDS
122
Mainly of plant or fungal origin, also formed by some
marine organism and insects
DITERPENOIDS
123
Most common component in plants responsible for odor &
flavor
MONOTERPENOIDS
124
Has a wide spectrum of biological activities
SESQUITERPENOIDS
125
Responsible for the yellow, orange, red and purple colors
seen in living organisms
TETRATERPENOIDS AND CAROTENOIDS
126
westphal balance / pycnometer
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
127
Laurent half-shadow
polarimeter
ROTATORY POWER
128
Refractometer (Abbe, Atago, etc)
REFRACTIVE INDEX
129
Mayer’s Reagent
Mercuric-Potassium-Iodide
130
Mayer’s Reagent
cream colored ppt
131
Marme’s Reagent
Potassium-Cadmium-Iodide
132
white or yellow ppt
Marme’s Reagent
133
orange colored ppt
Dragendorff’s Reagent
134
Potassium-Bismuth-Iodide
Dragendorff’s Reagent
135
red brown ppt
Wagner’s Reagent
135
Phosphomolybdic acid
Sonnenschein’s Reagent
136
Iodine in Potassium Iodide
Wagner’s Reagent
137
Scheibler’s Reagent
Phosphotungstic acid
138
yellowish white
Sonnenschein’s Reagent
139
Tannic Acid
buff color ppt
140
Picric Acid / Hager’s rgt
yellow ppt
141
smoking deterrent
Lobeline
142
parasympatholytic
Hyoscyamine
142
antidote in
poisoning caused by
cholinesterase inhibitors
Atropine
143
Scopolamine
anticholinergic
144
Cinchonine
antimalarial
145
Quinidine
principal
alkaloid employed
therapeutically
146
antimalarial in
many parts of the world -
diastereo- isomer of
quinidine
Quinine
147
emetic; for
treatment of drug overdose
and certain poisoning
Emetine
148
astringent in
the inflammation of the
mucous membrane
Hydrastine
149
skeletal
muscle relaxant -
diagnostic aid in
myasthenia gravis
Tubocurarine
149
most important
opium alkaloid - centrally
acting analgesic
Morphine
150
methyl
morphine - most widely
used opium alkaloid -
narcotic analgesics and
antitussive
Codeine
151
Diacetylmorphine
- formed by acetylation of
morphine
Heroin
152
cholinergic
(ophthalmic) drugs used in
the treatment of glaucoma
Pilocarpine
153
use as
suppressant for gout
Colchicine
154
Scientist for morphine
Serturner
155
Scientist for– isolated narcotine
Robiquet
156
Amorphous products w/ a complex chemical nature
Resins
157
End products of metabolism
Resins
158
Sp. Gr. Of resins
0.90 – 1.25
159
Are oxidation products of terpenes
Resins
160
Homogeneous mixture of resins w/ volatile oils
Oleoresins
161
Homogeneous mixture of gum and oleoresin
Oleo-Gum Resins
162
Resinous mixture that contains cinnamic acid, benzoic
acid or both or esters of these acids
Balsams
163
Glycoresin/Glucoresin
Resins in glycosidal combinations
164
Vitamin A1
Retinol
165
Vitamin A2
Retinoic acid
166
Vitamin D2
Calciferol
166
Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol
166
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
166
Vitamin E
Antisterility Vitamin
166
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
166
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
167
Vitamin K
Antihemorrhagic vit
167
Vitamin B3
Niacin
167
Vitamin B5
Pentothenic acid
167
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
167
Vitamin B9
Folic Acid
167
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamine
167
Biotin
Vitamin H
