Physiology Final Review

Question 1

A glomerulus is

Answer 1

the main filtering unit of the kidney

Question 2

ACE converts

Answer 2

Angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, role in blood pressure regulation.

Question 3

All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT

Answer 3

a decrease in cardiac output

Question 4

Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by

Answer 4

salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

Question 5

Juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete

Answer 5

renin

Question 6

Meiosis of one cell results in production of____WHAT?

Answer 6

Four genetically diverse haploid cells.

Question 7

The H zone of a sarcomere contains….WHAT?

Answer 7

myosin

Question 8

The QRS complex of an ECG corresponds to_____WHAT HAPPENS THERE

Answer 8

depolarization of ventricles

Question 9

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because..WHAT?

Answer 9

it measures the pressure necessary for adequate perfusion of the organs of the body

or

it represents the driving pressure for blood flow

Question 10

Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in a person suffering from type I diabetes mellitus?

Answer 10

A.) hyperglycemia
B.) thirst and polydipsia
C.) glucosuria
D.) ketoacidosis

Glucosuria, thirst and polydipsia, hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, All of these answers are correct.

Question 11

Which of the following occurs immediately after the power stroke?

Answer 11

The myosin head must detach from actin.

Question 12

Cross-bridge formation occurs when calcium________

Answer 12

Calcium binds to troponin, altering its shape.

Question 13

What does “Calcium induce calcium release” mean?

Answer 13

the process by which extracellular Ca2+ triggers the release of stored Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 14

The sensory fibers of the muscle spindles synapse onto

Answer 14

alpha motor neurons.

Question 15

The polysynaptic reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.

Answer 15

true

Question 16

When there is a resistance to stretch produced by a given limb muscle,____________.

Answer 16

Muscle tone is increased and more motor units are recruited to the contraction.

Question 17

The ____________________ reflexes involve skeletal muscles.

Answer 17

Somatic reflexes

Question 18

The tension generated in a skeletal muscle fiber is directly proportional to the number of_______

Answer 18

high energy crossbridges formed

Question 19

The contraction cycle is initiated by the rise in Na+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).T/F

Answer 19

false

Question 20

Which of the following is not a vasoconstrictor?

Answer 20

Artrial natriuretic peptide

Question 21

Adenosine is vasodilator that increases blood flow to match metabolism, its source is the mast cells. T/F

Answer 21

Flase

Question 22

Everything is true about veins, except;

Question 23

The primary determinant of velocity is the total cross-sectional area of the vessel. T/F

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Which is not a factor that influences mean arterial pressure?

Answer 24

influences: Blood volume, Heart rate, Stroke volume, Blood viscosity, Peripheral resistance.

Question 25

This reflex help us maintain body position…WHAT IS ?

Answer 25

myotatic reflex.

Question 26

In myocardial action potentials, in phase 2, we observe_________. WHAT

Answer 26

Calcium channels open and calcium ions pass into the muscle to facilitate muscular contraction.

Question 27

Which of the following has a long refractory period? Difference between muscles

Answer 27

Cardiac Muscle

Question 28

The T-P segment in EKG signifies _ _WHAT ____________.

Answer 28

The time between the end of heartbeat a and the beginning of heartbeat b.

Question 29

Which one is not part of the treatment for high blood pressure?

Answer 29

Diuretics and calcium channel blockers

Question 30

Which is not a Tubular Element of the Kidney?

Answer 30

The Collecting Duct

Question 31

The _________ regulates the reabsorption of the ions and water for salt and water balance and ph homeostasis

Answer 31

Distal nephron (distal tubule and collecting duct)

Question 32

Which one is correct about GFR ?

Question 33

The __________ is the maximum rate of transport that occurs when all carriers are occupied by (are saturated with) substrate.

Answer 33

Saturation

Question 34

Which one is incorrect about secretion?

Question 35

Which of the following is secreted Ascending limb of loop of Henle?

Answer 35

Urea water and sodium chloride

Question 36

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete the enzyme renin if blood pressure decreases

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Which is false about Angiotensin II ?

Answer 37

activates parasympathetic output

Question 38

Hyperkalemia can provoke muscle weakness and failure of respiratory muscles and the heart. T/F

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Which of the following cells produces the intrinsic factor?

Answer 39

Parietal cells

Question 40

The acute phase proteins (in inflammation) are produced by the___________.

Answer 40

Liver/ hepatocytes.

Question 41

The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are_____________.

Answer 41

plasma

Question 42

An inflammatory response is triggered when______________

Answer 42

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Question 43

Immunoglobulins in early responses to pathogens are_______________.

Answer 43

IgM

Question 44

Contraction of the ________ alters the surface area by moving villi.

Answer 44

muscularis mucosae

Question 45

Rugae, plicae, and villi are all structures that _______do what?________.

Answer 45

increase absorption.

Question 46

The subepithelial connective tissue of the GI tract, immediately beneath the epithelium, is the____________.

Answer 46

Lamina Propria

Question 47

The myenteric plexus is______________.

Answer 47

a network of neurons

Question 48

Peyer's patches are found in the__________

Answer 48

small intestine

Question 49

________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity.

Answer 49

Interstitial cells of Cajal

Question 50

Which does NOT occur when you swallow?

Answer 50

pyloric sphincter does not open during swallowing or The upper esophageal sphincter closes

Question 51

Nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of____________.

Answer 51

Triglycerides

Question 52

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,….WHAT HAPPENS?

Answer 52

there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.

Question 53

Bicarbonate secretion__________ who produce and where

Answer 53

the pancreas

Question 54

The location of most peptic ulcers are ______________

Answer 54

inner surface of the stomach or small intestine or Duodenum

Question 55

The primary complex carbohydrate ingested and digested by people is_____________.

Answer 55

Starch

Question 56

Maltose is broken down by maltase into two molecules of____________.

Answer 56

glucose molecules

Question 57

________ are tiny droplets of fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, mono- and diglycerides, and bile salts.

Answer 57

micelles

Question 58

________ digest terminal peptide bonds to release amino acids.

Answer 58

Endopeptidase

Question 59

Long reflexes that originate outside the digestive system include ________ reflexes and ________ reflexes, which are called ________ reflexes.

Answer 59

feedforward, emotional, cephalic

Question 60

________ is a protein cofactor secreted by the pancreas that allows lipases access to fats inside the bile salt coating.

Answer 60

Colipase

Question 61

Put the following steps of fat digestion and absorption in order: a. Bile salts coat fat droplets. b. Cholesterol is transported into cells. c. Chylomicrons are formed. d. Chylomicrons are removed by the lymphatic system. e. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles. f. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats.

Answer 61

a,f,e,b,c,d

Question 62

Which hormone inhibits gastric emptying?

Answer 62

Glucagon or secretin

Question 63

Which is the hormone that decreases iron absorption?

Answer 63

Motilin

Question 63

Which hormone targets the smooth muscle of the intestines?

Answer 63

hepcidin

Question 63

Which of the following blocks cholesterol absorption?

Answer 63

Ezetimibe

Question 64

Which does NOT occur during labor?

Answer 64

The umbilical cord breaks. Oxytocin released from the anterior pituitary./ Conception.

Question 65

Which hormone contributes to the onset of puberty?

Answer 65

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 66

Which hormone is used as an indicator of polycystic ovary syndrome?

Answer 66

anti-Müllerian hormone

Question 67

Hemophilia, color blindness, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy occur more often in males than females. Why?

Answer 67

because the gene is located on the X chromosome.

Question 68

Abnormal fat and amino acid metabolism may lead to the condition called__________________

Answer 68

ketoacidosis

Question 69

Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?

Answer 69

They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.

Question 70

Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia, you would expect_________.

Answer 70

the skeletal muscles to be unresponsive and cardiac arrest could occur. Abnormal cardiac rhythms.

Question 71

Which leads to the lowest water loss during the day?

Answer 71

feces

Question 72

In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration is ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.

Answer 72

is much higher than

Question 73

Urea is____________

Answer 73

passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.

Question 74

The specialized cells found in the capsule epithelium are called pericytes. These cells have long cytoplasmic extensions called foot processes.

Answer 74

false podocytes, foot processes