Physiology week 4 lecture review

Question 1

All of the following are secreted by the adrenal glands except _____.

(a) Glucocorticoids

(b) Mineralocorticoids

(c) Calcitonin

(d) Norepinephrine

(e) Epinephrine.

Answer 1

(c) Calcitonin

Question 2

FALSE regarding calcitonin?

Answer 2

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone. Any statement claiming it increases blood calcium would be false.

Question 3

Which is involved in calcium homeostasis?

Answer 3

Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin are all involved in calcium homeostasis.

Question 4

ACTH is released in response to…WHAT?

Answer 4

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) is released in response to stress and low levels of cortisol in the blood, signaled by the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Question 5

Cortisol is involved with which of the following?

Answer 5

Cortisol is involved in stress response, metabolism, immune response, and regulation of inflammation.

Question 6

Which is incorrect regarding GH?

Answer 6

Any statement that suggests GH decreases muscle mass or stunts growth in children would be incorrect, as GH promotes growth and muscle mass.

Question 7

Which is FALSE regarding Parathyroid hormone?

Answer 7

A false statement about parathyroid hormone would be that it lowers blood calcium levels. It actually increases them.

Question 8

The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 do not use transporters to cross cell membranes. T/F.

Answer 8

False. T3 and T4 typically require transport proteins to move through the bloodstream.

Question 9

The effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue include……….except

Answer 9

thyroid hormones affect metabolism, heart rate, and growth. An effect not attributed to them could be decreasing blood calcium levels.

Question 10

Mature, less active bone cells are called_WHAT? Name?___________.

Answer 10

Osteocytes.

Question 11

Vitamin D (calcitriol) is…WHAT?

Answer 11

A hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate in the body and is crucial for bone health.

Question 12

Somatostatin is another name for????

Answer 12

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH).

Question 13

Adipocytes secrete the hormone…WHICH ONE?

Answer 13

Leptin.

Question 14

The brain neurotransmitter that is the stimulus for food intake is…WHICH ONE?

Answer 14

Ghrelin.

Question 15

The most practical way to estimate a person’s basal metabolic rate is to measure it when the person is sleeping.

Answer 15

True. Basal metabolic rate is best measured under conditions of complete physical and mental rest, which sleep provides.

Question 16

Anabolic pathways include ……except ???

Answer 16

Anabolic pathways involve building up molecules and typically include processes like protein synthesis. Glycolysis, which breaks down glucose, would be an exception.

Question 17

The brain relies solely on fatty acids as its energy source. If it is deprived of this substrate, the cells soon die. T/F

Answer 17

False. The brain primarily uses glucose for energy and can also use ketone bodies when necessary.

Question 18

An enzyme that digests fats is…WHiCH ONE

Answer 18

Lipase.

Question 19

Which (of the following) is NOT produced in the body for the purpose of storing extra calories?

Answer 19

hormones like insulin are not “produced for storing calories” but rather regulate the process.

Question 20

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are…WHAT?

Answer 20

Fats.

Question 21

The synthesis of glucose from a noncarbohydrate precursor is referred to as…WHAT TERM?

Answer 21

Gluconeogenesis.

Question 22

During the fasting state, the energy stores of the __WHAT______ become the major source of glucose for the whole body.

Answer 22

Liver (and to some extent, muscles).

Question 23

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids out of the plasma to the liver are called…WHAT?

Answer 23

High-density lipoproteins (HDL).

Question 24

When amino acids are metabolized for energy, the ammonia is converted to urea and then is excreted from the body by the……????? WHICH ORGAN …EaSY PIE

Answer 24

Kidneys.

Question 25

The process of disassembling fatty acids into two-carbon units inside mitochondria is called_____what?_____________.

Answer 25

Beta-oxidation.

Question 26

A substance that the liver produces when metabolizing fatty acids that is both an energy source and a potentially harmful substance is______what?___________.

Answer 26

Ketones.

Question 27

The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete_______what?_______.

Answer 27

Glucagon.

Question 28

When blood glucose levels increase, as in the "fed" state,________whAT__happens___________.

Answer 28

Insulin is released, facilitating glucose uptake by cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver.

Question 29

During the absorptive state,…What happens?

Answer 29

Nutrients from food are absorbed into the bloodstream, insulin levels rise, and the body uses glucose as its primary energy source.

Question 30

In the Short-loop negative feedback, the Pituitary hormone suppresses hypothalamic trophic hormone production. T/F

Answer 30

True.

Question 31

The steroid hormones are stored in the endocrine cell because of their lipophilic nature .T/F

Answer 31

False. Steroid hormones, due to their lipophilic nature, are not stored in cells but synthesized on demand.

Question 32

Neurohormones are secreted into the blood by neurons…T/F

Answer 32

True.

Question 33

During starvation,_______________.WHAT HAPPENS?

Answer 33

The body starts using fat and then protein stores for energy, leading to ketosis and muscle wasting.

Question 34

A primary target tissue for insulin is the……WHAT?

Answer 34

the liver, the skeletal muscle and the adipose tissue.

Question 35

In type I diabetes, a hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state may occur. Which best describes this state?

Answer 35

A severe increase in blood sugar without significant ketosis, leading to dehydration and altered consciousness.

Question 36

The term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called permissive. T/F

Answer 36

True.

Question 37

Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, __WHAT HAPPENS?____________.

Answer 37

They alter gene expression in the cell's nucleus.

Question 38

Only energy outtake and level of physical activity can be voluntarily changed. T/F

Answer 38

True.

Question 39

Secondary pathologies arise in the last endocrine gland in a complex reflex pathway. T/F

Answer 39

False. Secondary pathologies can arise in any gland involved in the pathway.

Question 40

When the hypothalamus is stimulated, the posterior pituitary produces two neurohormones: vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone (ADH)) and oxytocin T/F

Answer 40

True.