**Practice Exams Flashcards by Bhavini Smith

1 - 3 hormones capable of stimulating lipolysis

2 - which hormone antagonises the effect of these hormones

epinephrine
norepinephrine
adrenocorticotropic hormone
TSH
thyroxine
glucagon
growth hormone

2 - insulin

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Name the group of phytochemicals:
water soluble molecules containing 15 carbon atoms
belonging to polyphenol family
provides colour to plants

flavonoids

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name a flavonoid and where it can be found

catechin - green tea
proanthocyanidin - nerves
naringenin - citrus fruits
quercitin - broccoli
genistein - soy foods, legumes

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1 way in which ruin acts to protect against disease

anti oxidant
iron-chelator
free radical scavenger
may protect against oxidised LDL

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how does grapefruit cause nutrient-drug interactons

flavonoids in grapefruit inhibit hepatic microsomes containing cytochrome p450 ph 1 liver detox enzymes.
This increases bioavailability and plasma concentrations of many drugs and could lead to drug overdose.

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2 ways in which legumes protect against CV disaese

^ fibre lowers cholesterol
^ folate lowers homocysteine
^ K & Mg lowers CVD risk
low GL reduces insulin resistance

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Which order must ingredients be listed on food labels

descending order

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definition of safe upper level re dietary reference values

highest level of nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals

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3 nutrients or which a safe upper level has been set

Vit A
beta carotene
calcium
copper
fluoride
iodine
iron

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why does table sugar have lower GI than glucose

table sugar is sucrose:
half glucose half fructose
fructose only causes v small increase in blood sugar

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name 2 CV conditions where CoQ10 could benefit, describing how

Atherosclerosis - inhibits LDL oxidation, prevents monocyte recruitment

Congestive heart failure - CHF patients have been shown to have lower levels of CoQ10

MI - coQ10 decreases post-infarct heart damage

Angina pectoris - coQ10 improves exercise tolerance, reduces ECG changes

Hypertension - Q10 decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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Name a condition unrelated to joint health where glucosamine is useful

IBD

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name 2 potential side effects of shiitake mushrooms

abdominal discomfort
eosinophilia
shiitake dermatitis
photosensitivity

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which orthomolecular nutrient is anecdotally reported to improve autism

dimethylglycine

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3 benefits of breastfeeding to mothers

delays return of ovulation - lengthens birth intervals

conserves iron stores by prolonging amenorrhoea

may protect against breast cancer

may protect against ovarian cancer

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what carbohydrate found in breast milk

lactose

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2 ways breastfeeding offers immunological protection to babies

colostrum protects infant from infections against which mother has gained immunity

maternal antibodies in breastmilk inactivate pathogenic bacteria in infants gut

provides bifidus factors - probiotics for lactobacillus bifidus, encouraging its growth

lactoferrin binds to iron, preventing it from fuelling bacteria growth

lactadherin fights off virus causing most cases of infant diarrhoea

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young girls who consume more animal products and fewer fruits/veg have puberty earlier than average age.
why is this a problem

puberty before 12 is strongly ass with breast cancer

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3 factors influencing adolescent food choices

increased appetite due to growth spurt
decreased appetite due to drug/alcohol use
influence of peers
concerns around body image
media/advertising
more indépendance/increased money spring
availability of fast/convenience foods

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what is sarcopenia

age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, function

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3 factors contributing to development of sacrcopenia

decreased activity of insulin/insulin resistance
decreased activity of growth hormone
decreased androgen levels
increased prolactin
sedentary lifestyle/reduced mobility
decreased protein intake
increased simple carb intake

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5 reasons which could explain why cancer rates are 50-75% lower in vegetarians

they are generally more insulin sensitive
diets usually higher in antioxidants
less exposed to dietary carcinogens
less exposed to oestrogens
different bowel flora
veggies have lower levels of secondary bile acids
superior immune defence against cancer cells than omnivores
more than twice the NK cell activity than omnivores

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3 nutrients vegans should consider supplementing

B12
EPA
DHA
D
Ca
Zn
Fe

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2 year old boy - spoon-shaped nails.
Mum says fussy eater, drinks lots of milk.
most likely explanation?

Iron deficiency anaemia

due to competitive absorption with calcium

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what is schamroth's sign and what can it indicate

small diamond-shaped space between nails of two forefingers when placed together indicates nails are not clubbed

describe concept of TCM body clock

energy circulates in distinct pattern from organ to organ this energy gives the organ fuel to function each organ takes an active role in the body at a given time if any illness/disease occurs, related organ can be treated at its specific time on TCM clock

where on tongue would you assess health of liver/gallbladder

sides

what is name of unit of energy required to raise temp of 1g water by 1C

a calorie

4 factors influencing RMR

``` body composition age gender physical activity genetic factors thyroid activity sympathetic NS activity meal quantity macronutrient content of meal ```

2 hormones ass with decrease in food intake

``` serotonin dopamine histamine leptin CCK - cholecystokinin insulin ```

name 1 effect DDT had on wildlife causing it to be banned in 1970s

atlantic salmon exposed as eggs experienced impaired balance/delayed appearance of normal behaviour patterns egg shell thinning in birds

3 conditions in family history may contraindicate OCP

``` blood clots serious heart disease serious liver disease breast cancer uterine cancer ```

3 side effects longterm use of cocaine

``` insomnia depression anxiety paranoia psychosis eating disorders weight loss sexual dysfunction hypertension irregular heartbeat hallucinations cerebral atrophy ```

2 serious side effects of NSAIDS

``` GI bleeding ulcers perforation of stomach/intestines heart attack stroke allergic reaction ```

If the MHRA (medicines healthcare and products regulatory agency) decide a nutritional supplement is of a medical nature, may medicinal claims be made that it treats/cures human disease?

Yes

If FSA (food standards agency) oversees a supplement and it is not a registered medicinal product may medicinal claims be made for it?

If a supplement had been granted the right to specify that it treats a deficiency state would it be under MHRA or FSA?

MHRA

As nutritional therapist the majority of the supplements we recommend will be under jurisdiction of which body

FSA

do sesame seeds/peanuts have to be labelled as potential allergens

yes

are celery and mustard potential allergens

yes

minerals best taken with/without food. | why?

With, as require sufficient stomach acid for digestion. Eating them with food is likely to ensure there is sufficient HCL present.

can minerals be made by plants

what is main factor influencing amount of minerals found in a plant

soil mineral content

deficiency of which 2 minerals may increase uptake of lead from intestines

Fe | Ca

when supplemented which form of minerals have more side effects - inorganic or organic

inorganic

Ex of inorganic & organic form of Mg

inorganic - Mg sulphate | organic - Mg citrate/glycinate

2 poss advantages of taking Vit C sup in an alkaline mineral chemical form. What do we call these forms.

they are called buffered forms reduce harshness on stomach body can also utilise mineral

pyridoxal 5 phosphate is bio-active form of which vit

founders of western naturopathic movement founded their therapy on which diet

vegetarian

according to blood type diet, which type is best suited to a meat-based diet

why is a vegetarian likely to have a lower intake of environmental contaminants

contaminants accumulate as we move up food chain

3 reasons vegetarians have reduced CVD risk and mechanism behind

lower total cholesterol - when oxidised LDL is dangerous to blood vessels lower hypertension - hypertension implicated in stroke, heart attack lower obesity - obesity increases CVD risk lower Fe stores - excess Fe can be pro-oxidant and damage blood vessels higher antioxidant levels - reduces oxidative damage, protects vessels reduced levels of clotting factors (fibrinogen) - blood clots cause heart attack/stroke

primary inhibitors of zinc absorption in veggie diet

phytates | Ca

would you routinely supplement Fe in vegetarian male? | why?

No always test first as excess Fe pro-oxidant men don't lose iron regularly, unlike menstruating women

how much spirulina should vegan consume to ensure enough B12

none - spirulina not an adequate source

which diet promotes grains as staple food, supplemented with veg and beans

macrobiotic

how are SCD diet and GAPS diet intended to work to support good health

by improving condition of gut supporting symbiotic relationship with gut flora maximising absorption minimising unfavourable products of maldigestion

which vitamin is breast milk low in

which vitamin given at birth, why

k reduces risk if haemorrhage disease in newborn breast milk vit K content varies infants lack intestinal bacteria needed to synthesise K

low Fe in children common. | 2 clinical issues that can result in too little consumption of iron

``` excessive dairy prolonged breast feeding vegetarian/vegan diet fussy eating ^ phytate content of diet ```

pronounced signs of iron def anaemia not responding to therapy is indicative of toxic levels of what

lead

what can soy isoflavones do that make them so interesting in regards to hormonal health concerns

they bind to oestrogen receptors

soy isoflavones are believed to have which actions that help combat development of cancer

``` antioxidant anti proliferative antiangiogenic prolong the menstrual cycle reduce mid-cycle surges of LH/FSH positively alter oestrogen metabolites ```

which grain has greatest properties of soluble fibre

oats

in heathy person what does ^fibre do to stool weight and colonic transit time

increases both

how are proanthocyanidins in cranberry thought to work in reducing UTIs

by coating/wrapping around bacteria | E coli causes most UTIs

apart from e coli, what other bacteria is cranberry useful in combatting (gastric health)

helicobactor pylori

which flavonoid in apples might be responsible for their benefit in poss lung cancer prevention

quercetin

when choosing foods to support health, do we want to inhibit or increase ph 1 detox in relation to ph 2?

inhibit

do we want to inhibit or induce ph 2 detox?

induce

germination increases or decreases vitamins in quinoa

increases

when sprouting indirect or direct sunlight best

indirect

2 hormone-like substances that play a large role in immune/inflamm reactions ass with food intolerances/allergies

``` histamines cytokines prostaglandins lymphokines interferons ```

name a urinary tract condition/symptom related to food intolerance

bed-wetting nephrotic syndrome non-bacterial cystitis chronic bladder infections

which system is most affected by lead toxicity? | name a known effect.

``` CNS lowered IQ impaired memory impaired reaction time reduced concentration ```

affect of amphetamines on appetite

reduce

affect of cannabis on appetite

increase

name of bacteria that can grow unchecked and cause colitis in frequent antibiotic use

clostridium difficile

if you had a client with periodontal disease which orthomolecular nutrients would you recommend and why

coQ10. | diseased gum tissues have significantly lower levels of Q10 than healthy

is glucosamine sulphate naturally present in body

is N-Acetyl-Clucosamine naturally present in body

yes

How long is the half life of glucosamine sulphate

short

how long is half life of N-Acetyl-Glucosamine

long

what is bioavailability of glucosamine sulphate

high

what is bioavailability of N-Acetyl-Glucosamine

low

how is a nutrient which donates methyl groups likely to decrease risk of CVD

by reducing homocysteine levels

what is property in red wine thought to reduce risk of CVD

resveratrol or betaine anhydrous