PSYCH 102 Exam 2 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
A
Motivation
2
Q
What are the 4 perspectives of Motivation?
A
- Instinct Theory
- Drive-reduction theory
- Arousal theory
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
3
Q
- Fixed, unlearned pattern throughout species.
- Genes predispose some species-typical behavior
A
Instinct
4
Q
A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
A
Drive-reduction theory
5
Q
Maintain a balanced state
A
Homeostasis
6
Q
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Wanting to get a good job.
A
Incentive
7
Q
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Don’t want to be hungry but don’t want to be too full.
A
Homeostasis
8
Q
Unmet needs create a drive, and that drive pushes us to reduce the need.
A
Drive-Reduction Theory
9
Q
- Humans are motivated to engage in behaviors that either increase or decrease arousal levels.
- High vs. Low
A
Arousal theory
10
Q
performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a certain point
A
Yerkes-Dodson law
11
Q
At the base are basic physiological needs; at the peak are the highest human needs.
A
Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs)
12
Q
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
A
Glucose
13
Q
Triggers the feeling of hunger when low
A
Glucose
14
Q
Pumps out appetite suppressing hormones
A
Arcuate nucleus
15
Q
- “Weight Thermostat“
- Now referred to as Settling Point
A
Set Point
16
Q
The body’s resting rate of energy output
A
Basal metabolic rate
17
Q
Humans automatically regulate caloric intake through a homeostatic system to prevent energy deficits and maintain ___________.
A
stable body weight
18
Q
Biology: Salty and sweet are ______.
A
preferences
19
Q
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Friends and food
- Serving size is significant
- size of serving
- dinnerware
- cultural norms
- Selections stimulate
- Nudging nutrition
A
Tempting situations (Situational Influences on Eating)
20
Q
No _______ obesity rate in any country in this period.
A
reduced
21
Q
- A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard
- Involve much more than raw ability
- Grit matters
A
Achievement Motivation
22
Q
- Most important male sex hormone
- Males and females produce it
- stimulates the growth of the male sex organs
- development of the male sex characteristics
A
Testosterone
23
Q
- Women > males
- contributes to female sex characteristics.
A
Estrogen
24
Q
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
- Refractory period
- Men & Women
A
The Sexual Response Cycle
25
Impair sexual arousal or functioning
Sexual Dysfunction
26
Often involve sexual motivation, especially sexual energy and arousal
Sexual Dysfunction
27
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Erectile disorder
- Premature ejaculation
- Female orgasmic disorder
- Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
28
American Psychological Association (2013)
- Classifies people who experience sexual desire in unusual ways as disordered only if:
- The person experiences distress from unusual sexual interest. -or-
- The interest entails harm or risk of harm to others.
29
Rates of sexually transmitted infections have________ in recent years, especially for people younger than 25.
increased
30
CDC report in 2022: Young people account for______ of new cases of sexually transmitted infections.
53%
31
Condom use effectiveness _____ by infection.
varies
32
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Pornography
External Stimuli
33
Sex:
95% of people ______ stimuli.
Imagine
34
_____ Influences:
- Sexual maturity
- Sex hormones, especially testosterone
Biological
35
_______ Influences:
- Exposure to stimulating conditions
- Sexual fantasies
Psychological
36
Characteristics of teens who _____ having sex
- High intelligence
- Religious engagement
- Father presence
- Participation in service learning program
delay
37
________ is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed
Sexual orientation
38
Male homosexuality often appears to be transmitted from the _________.
mother’s side of the family.
39
Brain Differences in _________
- Size of one hypothalamic cell cluster
- Reaction of hypothalamus to certain smells
Sexual Orientation
40
There are _____ and _____ that influence Sexual Orientation.
Brain Differences and Genetic influences
41
The consistency of the brain, genetic, and prenatal findings has swung the pendulum toward a biological explanation of _________.
sexual orientation
42
Humans are innately ______ beings
social
43
The need to belong affects _______.
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
44
Feelings of love activate the brain ________.
reward and safety systems
45
______ increases the risk for mental decline and poor health.
Social isolation
46
The innate human desire to form and maintain meaningful social connection with others.
Affiliation need
47
Being around others increases ______.
Health and well-being
48
Being socially excluded (ostracism) threatens _______.
the need to belong
49
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Pain
- Anterior cingulate cortex is activated
- Interferes with empathy
- Aggression
- Self-defeating behavior
- Mental decline
- Ill health
- Disagreeableness
The Pain of Being Shut Out
50
Emotions are adaptive responses that support ______.
survival
51
What are these examples of?
Ex.-
- Bodily arousal
- Expressive behaviors
- Conscious experiences
Emotional components
52
Children weigh _____ to their parents.
Similar
53
Friends tend to weigh ____.
similar
54
Written communication lacks: _________
gestures
facial expressions
voice tones
55
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
- disposition
- emotional cues
- more empathic
- more emotionally expressive with their faces
Women
56
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
- circumstance
Men
57
Facial muscles speak a _____ for some basic emotions
universal language
58
Individualistic countries are ____ expressive.
more
59
Collectivist countries are ____ expressive.
less
60
- Facial expressions & feelings
- Mimic = empathy
The facial feedback effect
61
What is this an example of?
Ex.- If you smile you tend to feel happy.
The facial feedback effect
62
Behavior & thoughts, feelings, and actions.
The behavior feedback effect
63
A psychological concept where an individual's behavior can influence and alter their own thoughts and feelings.
The behavior feedback effect
64
________ emotions (Izard)
- joy
- interest-excitement
- surprise
- sadness
- anger
- disgust
- contempt
- fear
- shame
- guilt
10 basic
65
a powerful emotional release that, when successful, is accompanied by cognitive insight and positive change
Catharsis
66
When we're happy we tend to do good or do nice things.
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
67
- Positive well-being
- Positive character
- Communities and culture
Positive psychology
68
Happiness influences _________.
all facets of life
69
Emotional ups and downs tend to _______.
balance out
70
Moods typically ______.
rebound
71
Does wealth correlate with well-being?
Yes
72
Money ______ buy happiness.
does not
73
83% of freshmen say that _______ is “very important“ or “essential.“
wealth
74
Comparing how you are doing now to how you did in the past.
Adaptation-level phenomenon
75
Prior experience partly influences
Adaptation-level phenomenon
76
Satisfaction comes from rank rather than level
Comparison
77
Comparing how you are doing to how others are doing.
Comparison
78
Arousal comes before emotion.
James-Lange theory
79
Experience of emotion involves awareness of our
physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
James-Lange theory
80
Arousal and emotion happen at the same time.
Cannon-Bard theory
81
Emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1)physiological responses and
(2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Cannon-Bard theory
82
Human body responses run parallel to the cognitive
responses rather than causing them.
Cannon-Bard theory
83
Arousal + Label = Emotion
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
84
Emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and
cognitive appraisal.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
85
Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
86
Emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
87
Arousal spills over from one event to the next, influencing the response.
Spillover effect
88
Spillover effect falls under ____ theory.
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
89
Sometimes emotional response takes a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to the amygdala.
Zajonc
90
The brain processes much information without conscious awareness, but mental functioning still takes place.
Lazarus
91
Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous.
Lazarus
92
Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking.
Zajonc
93
The arousal component of emotion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) divisions.
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
94
In a crisis, the fight-or-flight response automatically mobilizes the body for action.
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
95
Arousal affects performance in different ways, depending on the task.
- Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks.
Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
96
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress
97
_________ viewed the stress response as a “fight-or-flight” system.
Cannon
98
During a threat instead of fighting or fleeing the person tends to a loved one (preferably a child) and seek social support networks.
Tend-and-befriend response
99
What is this an example of?
Phase 1: Stressor occurs
Phase 2: Resistance
Phase 3: Exhaustion
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
100
The body's resistance to stress can only last so long before exhaustion sets in.
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
101
The __________ is affected by:
- age
- nutrition
- genetics
- body temperature
- stress
immune system
102
Self-attacking diseases occur when ________.
Immune system reacts too strongly
103
Bacterial infections flare up and cancer cells multiply when _______.
Immune system under-reacts.
104
Stress hormones ______ the immune system.
suppress
105
#1 cause of death in US
Heart disease
106
Happy and consistently satisfied people tend to be healthy and to ______ their unhappy peers
outlive
107
- Problem-focused
- Emotion-focused
- Controllable vs. uncontrollable
Coping methods
108
__________ Predicts:
- increased stress hormones
- increased blood pressure
- decreased immune responses
Loss of Control
109
Reduce stress directly
Problem-focused Coping Skills
110
Tend to that stress emotion/feelings
Emotion-focused coping
111
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Meditating
Emotion-focused coping
112
Something outside of us has control
External locus of control
113
You feel you have control of your destiny
Internal locus of control
114
Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
- Requires energy
- Many Benefits
Self Control
115
Benefits:
-Fights illness
- Calms cardiovascular system
- Immune functioning
Social Support
116
- Increases heart and lung fitness.
- Reduces stress, depression, and anxiety.
- Weaken the influence of genetic risk for obesity
- Increases the quality and “quantity” of life (~2 years)
Aerobic exercise
117
What are some ways to reduce stress?
- Relaxation
- Relaxation training
- Mindfulness meditation
- Faith factor
118
What are three ways religious involvement possibly correlates to better health?
- Healthy behaviors (no smoking or drinking)
- Social Support
- Positive Emotions
119
The word for social exclusion
ostracism
120
Signals to brain to suppress appetite
Leptin
121
Signals to brain to stimulate appetite
Ghrelin
122
What is this an example of?
Ex.- We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.
Schachter-Singer Theory
122
What is this an example of?
Ex.- Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid.
Cannon-Bard Theory
123
What is this an example of?
Ex.- We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.
James-Lange
124
We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.
Zajonc; LeDoux Theory
125
What is this an example of?
Ex.- The sound is “just the wind.”
Lazarus Theory
126
An individual’s sense of identifying as male, female, or another gender identity
gender
127
A decrease in hormones occurring later in life
menopause
128
"Weight thermostat"
Set point
129
Positive or negative stimulus that motivates you
Incentive
130
A surge in hormones during the tween and teen years
puberty
131
Three motivators we discussed were hunger, the
need to belong and _____.
sex
132
______ reduction theory is the idea that we are
motivated to maintain a balance between stimulation
and relaxation
Drive
