Psych Chapter 4 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
are we the way we are because of
heredity (genes) or our upbringing (environment)?
A
Nature-Nurture Debate
2
Q
genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
A
heredity
3
Q
every nongenetic influence
A
environment
4
Q
What is this an example of?
e.g., prenatal nutrition
A
environment
5
Q
Genes & environments are ______ independent.
A
never
6
Q
Genes and environments ________ with each other
A
interact
7
Q
general emotional reactivity & intensity
A
temperament
8
Q
visible in 1st weeks of life; persist throughout lifespan
A
temperament
9
Q
genes: physiological differences in reactivity
A
temperament
10
Q
What is this an example of?
If you dislike bitter tastes, blame your parents.
A
temperament
11
Q
basic units of heredity
A
genes
12
Q
made of DNA, located on chromosomes
A
genes
13
Q
expressed genes code for proteins
that build bodies
A
genes
14
Q
all genetic material
A
genome
15
Q
Most traits are __________
A
polygenic
16
Q
influenced by multiple genes
A
polygenic
17
Q
examine genetic & environmental
influences on traits/behavior -measure heritability
A
behavioral genetics
18
Q
proportion of variation in a behavior/trait that can be attributed to genes in a specific population
A
heritability
19
Q
i.e., within a certain group, what are the effects of genes?
A
heritability
20
Q
varies based on trait, population, & environment
A
heritability
21
Q
Behavioral geneticists examine variability in a _________ population
A
specific
22
Q
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can’t explain variability in environment & culture.
A
F
23
Q
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain herability of traits for a specific person.
A
F
24
Q
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can’t explain differences between different populations
A
T
25
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain variability in trait.
T
26
T/F:
Behavioral geneticists can explain variability in genes.
T
27
representing extent to which genes influence differences in traits/behaviors
heritability statistic
28
ranges from 0-1: higher #s means trait/behavior more heritable
heritability statistic
29
What is this an example of?
e.g., heritability of extraversion is .53
– genes influence 53% of variability in extraversion
heritability statistic
30
(monozygotic) twins
identical twins
31
develop from single fertilized egg
identical twins
32
Have same genes & environment
identical twins
33
(dizygotic) twins
fraternal twins
34
develop from 2 different eggs
fraternal twins
35
Have different genes; same environment
fraternal twins
36
________ twins are only the same gender.
identical twins
37
If identical twins are more similar on a trait / behavior than fraternal twins, the trait is thought to be more ________.
heritable
38
They maintain same genes while testing effects of different environments
separated identical twins
39
maintain same home environment with bio & adopted kids, but genes differ
adoptive families
40
Siblings share _____% of genes.
~50
41
________ differences between siblings are amplified as people react to them differently.
Genetic
42
______ changes with each addition to a family
Environment
43
T/F
siblings are raised in slightly different families.
T
44
only child until younger siblings are born
oldest
45
both older & younger siblings
middle child
46
more older siblings & older parents
youngest
47
effect of one factor (such as genes)
depends on another factor (such as environment)
interaction
48
how environment alters gene
expression
epigenetics
49
What is this an example of?
E.g., Rat moms nurture pups by licking. Some lick…
* a little (↓ nurture)
* a lot (↑ nurture)
epigenetics
50
anxious, ↓ lick mom: _____, ____ lick adult
anxious, ↓
51
calm, ↑ lick mom: ______, ___ lick adult
calm, ↑
52
Epigenetic change by maternal
behavior ______ genetic inheritance.
is not
53
cross-fostered pups take on foster mom’s ________
characteristics
54
As environments become more similar, genes matter _____. Because differences attributable to environments decreases.
more
55
framework using the principles
of natural selection to think about the mind, brain, & behavior
Evolutionary psychology (EP)
56
What is this an example of?
i.e., Minds & bodies have been shaped by evolutionary forces.
Evolutionary psychology (EP)
57
inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive & reproduce in a particular environment are more likely to be passed on (vs. traits that don’t)
natural selection
58
organisms differ in some aspect of their phenotype
variance
59
phenotypic variations must be heritable
inheritance
60
some organisms reproduce more
than others due to differences in their phenotypes
differential reproduction
61
evolutionary change occurs using _____ genetic variation; doesn’t “create” traits out of the blue based on need
existing
62
What is this an example of?
e.g., Why do we prefer the taste of sugar to broccoli?
Evolutionary success
63
recurrent problem that must be dealt with to successfully survive & reproduce
Adaptive challenge
64
a framework to think about the mind, brain, & behavior; a lens to analyze behaviors in other subfields of psychology
Evolutionary psychology (EP)
65
________ works on variation & averages
Evolution
66
______ ______ allows humans to adapt & persist.
Genetic variation
67
Description ____ proscription or justification.
≠
68
if it is natural it is good
naturalistic fallacy
69
Genes & environments ______ to influence development.
interact
70
What is this an example of?
e.g., parent & peer influence
Understanding nature & nurture
71
patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, & traditions shared by groups & passed on to future generations.
culture
72
standards for acceptable, expected behavior
norms
73
each ______ has norms
culture
74
feeling lost about which behaviors are appropriate
culture shock
75
What are these considered?
* individual goals
* independence
* self-expression
* self-concept
defined by
uniqueness
Individualistic
76
What are these considered?
* group goals
* interdependence
* conform to norms
* self-concept
defined by
relationships
Collectivistic
77
more likely to define selves by
individual descriptive traits
individualistic cultures
78
What is this an example of?
e.g., creative, funny, talented, a fast runner
individualistic cultures
79
more likely to define selves by groups / adherence to groups
collectivistic cultures
80
What is this an example of?
e.g., daughter, mother, Chinese, loyal friend
collectivistic cultures
81
tracks approval & respect of others
pride
82
tracks social devaluation
shame
83
Shame & pride are ______ elicited & experienced across cultures
similarly
84
What is this an example of?
Higher rates of violent crime
(e.g., homicide) in American South.
Cultural differences in the US
85
What is this an example of?
Historic, environmental, &
economic reasons for violent norms.
Cultural differences in the US?
86
even small disputes become contests for reputation & status
culture of honor
87
important to establish reputation for toughness so no one will mess with you
herding norms
88
The American _____ is characterized by culture of honor.
South
89
______ males were more likely to react in the A**hole experiment.
Southern
90
______ males were more likely to be amused in the A**hole experiment.
Northern
91
______employers much
warmer towards homicide
letter than_________
Southern; Northern
92
male or female biological traits (e.g., genitalia, chromosomes)
sex
93
Females have ____ sex chromosomes.
XX
94
Males have _____ sex chromosomes.
XY
95
Females and males have ____ pair of sex chromosomes.
1
96
sex cells
gamete
97
In evolutionary biology, sex
determined by _____ size
gamete
98
small, mobile gametes
male
99
larger, ↑ energetically
costly gametes
female
100
reproductive / genital anatomy doesn’t fit
into male / female categories (~.018% of population)
intersex
101
What is this an example of?
e.g., Aristocratic French men first to wear high heels; both men & women wore makeup.
Gender
102
Can vary somewhat over cultures & shifts over time.
Gender
103
behavioral characteristics that societies/cultures associate with being a man/woman
gender
104
gender identity & expression change over time
genderfluid
105
set of expected behaviors, attitudes, & traits for men & women; can vary across cultures, time, & contexts
Gender roles
106
displaying both traditional
masculine & feminine psychological traits
androgyny
107
behavior learned by observing/imitating
others’ gender-linked behavior & being rewarded or punished
social learning theory
108
What is this an example of?
“Baby X” study: labeling baby “boy” or “girl”
led to gender-stereotyped toy use by adults
social learning theory
108
kids gravitate toward what feels right,
acquiring masculine / feminine characteristics & roles
gender typing
109
Not every animal has the same ________.
sex chromosomes
110
kids form concepts (i.e., schemas) about
gender early in life…
gender schema theory
111
organize their experiences/observations of what a “man”/“woman”
is through these schemas & adjust behaviors to fit their schema
gender schema theory
112
♂ & ♀ humans faced different
adaptive problems based on sex differences in obligate parental
investment
parental investment theory
