Psych Quiz 8

Question 1

follows the same individuals across time

Answer 1

longitudinal research

Question 2

Issues with _____: attrition effects

Answer 2

longitudinal research

Question 3

What is this an example of?
e.g., Measuring the same college students throughout their time in college (orientation, midterms, finals, etc.)

Answer 3

longitudinal research

Question 4

What is this an example of?
e.g., People drop out of these studies (longitudinal).

Answer 4

attrition effects

Question 5

measures & compares different age groups at a single point in time

Answer 5

cross-sectional research

Question 6

issues with ______: cohort effects

Answer 6

cross-sectional research

Question 7

What is this an example of?
e.g., When you are finding differences in age groups, generational literacy (computer literacy, major events like 9/11, economic states) might be affecting the data and not the IV.

Answer 7

cohort effects

Question 8

What are the major topics in Developmental Psych

Answer 8

• continuity & stages
• stability & change

Question 9

genes impact both experience – & effects – of environments

Answer 9

genotype - environment perspective

Question 10

What does genotype - environment perspective include?

Answer 10

1. passive
2. evocative
3. active

Question 11

biological parents provide early environment (shared genes)

Answer 11

passive

Question 12

What is this an example of?
e.g., Is development like climbing stairs (discrete) or a ramp (continous)

Answer 12

continuity & stages

Question 13

What is this an example of?
e.g., Do we stay the same or do we change as we get older?

Answer 13

stability and changes

Question 14

genes influences actions, which elicit responses from others

Answer 14

evocative

Question 15

genes influence choice of different
environments

Answer 15

active

Question 16

What is this an example of?
e.g., Your parents are not into sports, so you naturally are not into/do not play a sport.

Answer 16

passive

Question 17

What is this an example of?
e.g., An introvert child is likely to go up to others/make friends, so others are less likely to go up to them or befriend them.

Answer 17

evocative

Question 18

What is this an example of?
e.g., Choosing/picking your own environment when you get older

Answer 18

active

Question 19

Historically, development psych emphasized _______ & _______ practices of children from white, middle class backgrounds.

Answer 19

competencies & child-rearing

Question 20

childrearing practices prepare a child to navigate challenges as an adult in that specific environment

Answer 20

cultural-ecological perspective

Question 21

What is this an example of?
e.g., A 4 year old in the suburbs using a wooden knife vs. a 4 year old using a machete in a tribe.

Answer 21

cultural-ecological perspective

Question 22

egg exerts choice over sperm

Answer 22

fertilization

Question 23

day 0–2 weeks

Answer 23

zygote (fertilized egg)

Question 24

implantation of zygote is _________

Answer 24

~day 10

Question 25

substances (e.g., drugs, bacteria, viruses) that cause harm during prenatal development

Answer 25

teratogens

Question 26

The __________ makes it more difficult for the zygote to implant.

Answer 26

uterine lining

Question 27

(weeks 2 - 9)

Answer 27

embryo

Question 28

embryo: weeks ______ : folic acid needed to prevent major birth defects

Answer 28

weeks 3 - 4

Question 29

embryo: week(s) ______ : Y chromosome engages testes to develop & produce T

Answer 29

week 7

Question 30

(9 weeks - birth)

Answer 30

fetus

Question 31

sex hormones in fetal brain support female/male wiring

Answer 31

months 4 - 6

Question 32

rapid development of neural networks in infancy aids in: -______ development - _______ development

Answer 32

motor; cognitive

Question 33

In infant brain development, more _____ are being formed.

Answer 33

synapses

Question 34

rolling - unsupported sitting - crawling - walking

Answer 34

Universal sequence

Question 35

timing varies based on genes & parents’ expectations

Answer 35

Universal sequence

Question 36

How do we study infants? - heavy reliance on _______ and cool ________ (e.g., eye tracking software)

Answer 36

observations and technology

Question 37

decrease in responding with repeated exposure

Answer 37

habituation

Question 38

What is this an example of? e.g., infants look longer at things they find more interesting / surprising.

Answer 38

habituation

Question 39

ability to recognize one’s individuality

Answer 39

self awareness

Question 40

measured via mirror self-recognition test

Answer 40

self awareness

Question 41

develops gradually: ~18 months

Answer 41

self awareness

Question 42

believed children’s minds develop in stages

Answer 42

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Question 43

framework that organizes & interprets information

Answer 43

build schemas

Question 44

use & adjust schemas through: _______ & _______

Answer 44

assimilation & accommodation

Question 45

interpret new experiences through existing schemas

Answer 45

assimilation

Question 46

adapting current schemas to incorporate new info

Answer 46

accommodation

Question 47

take in world through actions & senses

Answer 47

Sensorimotor (birth - 2)

Question 48

knowing things continue to exist even when we can’t see them – develops gradually ~6-8 months

Answer 48

object permanence

Question 49

“out of sight, out of mind.”

Answer 49

before 6 months

Question 50

What is this an example of? Age being related to height.

Answer 50

assimilation

Question 51

Babies know more than we think they do

Answer 51

Birth – age 2

Question 52

expect that resources will be distributed equally between people (but not objects) at 12 mos.

Answer 52

fairness expectations

Question 53

prefer interacting with unfamiliar others who behave fairly (vs. unfairly) at 13-17 mos.

Answer 53

fairness expectations

Question 54

What is this an example of? longer looking time = more surprise

Answer 54

fairness expectations

Question 55

can represent things with words & images but lack ability to perform logical mental operations

Answer 55

Preoperational (2 - 6/7)

Question 56

What is this an example of? e.g., imagine hypothetical actions

Answer 56

Preoperational (2 - 6/7)

Question 57

knowing properties of mass, volume, & number remain the same despite changes in form of objects

Answer 57

lack conservation

Question 58

perceive & interpret through lens of the self; difficulty taking another’s point

Answer 58

are egocentric

Question 59

ability to infer thoughts, feelings & perceptions of others; big leap around 4-5 yrs.

Answer 59

lack theory of mind

Question 60

What is this an example of? theory of mind measured via false belief task

Answer 60

lack theory of mind

Question 61

can think logically about concrete (e.g., physical) materials & events; begin to understand simple math & conservation

Answer 61

concrete operational (7 - 11)

Question 62

can think logically about abstract (e.g., imagined & symbolic) concepts

Answer 62

formal operational (12+)

Question 63

What is this an example of? can consider hypothetical scenarios & consequences (e.g., If I do X, then Y will happen.)

Answer 63

formal operational (12+)

Question 64

Cognitive development generally follows Piaget’s ________.

Answer 64

sequence

Question 65

But kids may develop competencies at ______ ages

Answer 65

younger

Question 66

Cognitive development more ________; less _______

Answer 66

continuous; less discrete

Question 67

___________ believed kids’ minds grow through interaction with their social environment.

Answer 67

Vygotsky

Question 68

Parents & others provide a ______: framework offering temporary support as kids develop higher levels of thinking

Answer 68

scaffold

Question 69

_____ months: stranger anxiety when separated from caregivers

Answer 69

~8

Question 70

Infants form intense attachments with caregivers, characterized by ______ & ______

Answer 70

close emotional ties & proximity seeking

Question 71

Attachments form not only because caregivers gratify biological needs… they also provide _________ & ________

Answer 71

body contact & familiarity

Question 72

What is this an example of? - e.g., Harlow’s monkey studies (1950s)

Answer 72

attachments

Question 73

Early, severe neglect/abuse increases risk for _________ problems.

Answer 73

attachment

Question 74

What is this an example of? E.g., Romanian orphanages in 1980s.

Answer 74

attachment problems due to severe neglect/abuse

Question 75

studied by observing children’s distress after separation from caregiver & closeness seeking upon return

Answer 75

attachment styles

Question 76

- reflect differences in temperament & caregivers’ responsiveness - early attachment influences adult relationships, comfort with intimacy & affection

Answer 76

attachment styles

Question 77

distressed when separated but happy when parent returns

Answer 77

secure attachment style

Question 78

no distress when separated

Answer 78

avoidant attachment style

Question 79

What is this an example of? e.g., doesn’t acknowledge return of parent

Answer 79

avoidant attachment style

Question 80

distressed when separated and not comforted by return of parent

Answer 80

anxious attachment style

Question 81

What is this an example of? Kids now know that not all 4-legged house pets are dogs, or doctors without medicine may be research doctors.

Answer 81

accommodation

Question 82

What is this an example of? Kids think all 4-legged house pets are dogs.

Answer 82

assimilation