Schizophrenia

Question 1

symptoms

Answer 1

positive - hallucinations, delusions
negative - anhedonia, speech poverty
cognitive - learning deficits, attention difficulty

Question 2

neurological symptoms

Answer 2

ventricular enlargement - 130%

Question 3

heritability

Answer 3

• child of 2 SZ parents = 46%
• mz twins = 48%
• family = 10%
• environmental = 1-2%

Question 5

pharmacology

Answer 5

• overactivity in dopamine neurons
• 60s - antipsychotic, antagonists
• dopamine receptors, alleviate symptoms
• dopamine agonists induce positive symptoms

Question 6

treatments

Answer 6

VTA > dopamine > NA and amygdala
- dopamine receptors in accumbens reinforce behaviour
- Fibiger - paranoid delusions
- Syder - elation at start of an episode
Stahl - drug research
NMDA: glutamate hypoactivity in cognitive and executive function regions
serotonin theory: disrupt cognitive abilities

Question 7

affective disorders

Answer 7

• mood disorders, disruptions in emotion
• unique clinical presentation, neurobiological and treatment approaches
• depression and mania

Question 8

main types of affective disorder

Answer 8

• bipolar - 1% - less prevalent
• unipolar depression - depression without mania - 2-3x more likely in women
• SAD - not consistent neurological markers across conditions
• genetic predisposition

Question 10

affective disorders - heritability

Answer 10

Gershan et al
- mz - 69%
- dz - 13%
Rosenthal
10x more likely if relative has one too

Question 11

affective disorders - treatments and pharmacology

Answer 11

monoamine hypothesis - depression caused by faulty activity monoamine neurons
- serotonin deficiency
- norepinephrine imbalance
- dopamine dysfunction

treat depression - iproniazid, trycyclics, SSRIs
cause depression - resperpine