Learning

Question 1

why do organisms learn - reflex arc

Answer 1

• fast automatic
• predictive relationships but may change
• modify behaviour as consequence of experience with the environment

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

persistent waning of a response as result of repeated stimulation and not followed by reinforcement

1. subject rabbits respond to vasoconstriction, counterbalanced
2. neonatal rats, 12 hours per day for 52 days
   response: choice of music, avoid aversive habituated with exposure
3. water deprived rats, 30 min access/ per day, consumed cautious of novel flavours, diet widened through habituation

Question 3

classical conditioning - Pavlov

Answer 3

salivating dogs - as learning
1. dog behaviour changes permanently as result of consequence, aversive vs appetitive conditioning
2. cornea air puff, blinking elated by CS predicting air puff > functional
3. rats drink sucrose > X radiation > nausea, choice given conditioning when CS/US interval and only one pairing

Question 4

features of classical conditioning

Answer 4

acquisition - increase response to CS paired with US
extinction
spontaneous recovery - increase of extinguished CR due to time

Question 5

spread of learning - generalisation

Answer 5

Blough
4 pigeons, 4 key light with food, peck, presented with all colours = food not delivered

Question 6

law of effect

Answer 6

response to same situation, accompanied by satisfaction to animal will, connected to situation

Question 7

instrumental conditioning - Thorndike

Answer 7

connections formed between stimulus and response, reinforcement strengthens
60-120s > 20s
continuous vs ratio vs interval
widespread and hard to get started

Question 8

Adams - 1963

Answer 8

experimental > level > sugar sugar > illness
control > lever > sugar sugar/ illness
100x

Question 9

behaviour transitions goal directed to stimulus - response habit

Answer 9

• something not present influencing behaviour
• conditioning > representation

tone + food 1 > tone + illness
tone + food 2

Question 10

higher order conditioning

Answer 10

• pair CS1 and US until CR seen
• CS2 followed by CS1, observe CR with CS2