Sessin2

Question 1

Gram stain procedure seperates bacteria according to their__________.

Answer 1

CELL WALL COMPOSITION

Question 2

What type of microbacteria cannot be identified using gram stain & why?

Answer 2

Mycoplasma, no cell wall

Question 3

Explain gram stain procedure

Answer 3

1) droplets with crystal violet drops
2) droplets with iodine

ALL CELLS WILL APPEAR PURPLE

add ethanol or alchohol,

IF STAINED

GRAM +&raquo_space; remain purple
GRAM -&raquo_space;colourless

Question 4

What is gram stain

Answer 4

Seperates bacteria accordimg to their cell wall composition (gram - or gram +)

Question 5

How do u name bacteria

Answer 5

Surname + firstname
Genus + species
Ex: Staohyloccua aureus

Question 6

Difference btw gram negative & positive

Answer 6

Notes

Question 7

2 types of fungi? R they prokaryotes or eukaryote, give examples

Answer 7

YEASTS & MOULD

eukaryote

Candida and Aperillgus

Question 8

Describe structure of virus

Answer 8

Notes

Question 9

Example of protazoa common in the uk?

Answer 9

Giardia lambila

Question 10

How can u classify viruses?

Answer 10

RNA & DNA
Single/double stranded
Elveloped/non-enveloped

Question 11

Classify Herpes Virus

Answer 11

Double stranded & enveloped✉️

Type>1»infected via kissing, get them in ur lips
Type>2» associated more in genital conditions

Once u have it, u have it forever

Question 12

Classify the adenovirus, what 3 diseases can they cause?

Answer 12

Double stranded & non enveloped,

• respiratory tract infections
• gastroenteritis
• conjunctivitis👀

Adenoviruses all replicate well in epithelial cells. The observed symptoms are related primarily to the killing of these cells

Question 13

Function of the envelope in the virus

Answer 13

Helps virus attach to host cells

Question 14

Norovirus

Answer 14

common causes of viral GASTEROENTERITIS worldwide.

-members of Caliciviridae
-Common in hospital!
-One particle can cause infection in 50 % of ppl!!! rapid onset of vomitting & diharrea, lasts only for a couple of days
-fecal oral route 💩 is usal tramission &
Aerosol.💦
-highly stable in the environment and can be transmitted by contaminated food or water 💧🍎

**No specific treatments for norovirus-induced disease exist.

Question 15

In gram staining, what has rhe peptidoglycan layer got to do with this?

Answer 15

It retains the colour

Question 16

How do u name bacteria

Answer 16

Surname + firstname
Genus + species
Ex: Staohyloccua aureus

Question 17

Difference btw gram negative & positive

Answer 17

Notes

Question 18

2 types of fungi? R they prokaryotes or eukaryote, give examples

Answer 18

YEASTS & MOULD

Question 19

Describe structure of virus

Answer 19

Notes

Question 20

Example of protazoa common in the uk?

Answer 20

Giardia lambila

Question 21

How can u classify viruses?

Answer 21

RNA & DNA
Single/double stranded
Elveloped/non-enveloped

Question 22

Classify the adenovirus, what 3 diseases can they cause?

Answer 22

Double stranded & non enveloped,

• respiratory tract infections
• gastroenteritis
• conjunctivitis👀

Adenoviruses all replicate well in epithelial cells. The observed symptoms are related primarily to the killing of these cells

Question 23

Function of the envelope in the virus

Answer 23

Helps virus attach to host cells

Question 24

Norovirus

Answer 24

Common in hospital! One particle can cause infection in 50 % of ppl!!! rapid onset of vomitting & diharrea, lasts only for a couple of days

Question 25

In gram staining, what has rhe peptidoglycan layer got to do with this?

Answer 25

It retains the colour

Question 26

differentiate btw cocci and bacilli

Answer 26

bacillius (rod shaped) | coccus (round)

Question 27

what r endotoxins, which gram stain bacteria r they found on?

Answer 27

endotoxin is a synonomous w/ LIPOPOLYSACCARIDE (LPS) | it is part of the LPS found on the outer membrane & triggers inflammation

Question 28

neisseria meningitidis is what type of bacteria? how does it cause toxicity? what disease does it cause? how is it spread and how can u prevent it?

Answer 28

gram negative coccus - meningococcal meningitis - direct contact with respiratory secretion (spread by aerosols and nasopharyngeal secretions) - vaccination - antibiotic prophylaxis

Question 29

human papilloma virus. what can it cause?

Answer 29

some types cause cervical cancer, | other cause warts

Question 30

what does vertical transmission mean? give an example of a virus that transmitts this way

Answer 30

transfer of an infecting organism from mother to child before or at birth. Rubella

Question 31

ALL viruses have a ________

Answer 31

capsids or protien coat

Question 32

what is helicobacter pylori?

Answer 32

gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found usually in the stomach, causes stomach ulcer & stomach cancer, it can survive in the highly acidic environment

Question 33

what is the main difference between endotoxin and exotoxin?

Answer 33

endotoxin means its part of the bacteria structure "ENDO"=w/in part of LPS, it is highly toxic and can trigger an inflammatory response. Exotoxins r protein secreted by bacteria and go OUT into the surrounding blood and tissue. "EXO"= OUT

Question 34

what do u call an exotoxin that act on the bowel? neuron?

Answer 34

enterotoxin | neurotoxin

Question 35

brief definition of sepsis and which class of bacteria effects it?

Answer 35

--systemic inflammation due to infection ``` --sepsis is usually associated with Gram Negative bacteria (although Gram positive bacteria can also cause sepsis in some situations). ```

Question 36

what is sepsis?

Answer 36

Sepsis happens when the body's immune system - the way the body responds to bugs and germs - goes into overdrive. The initial problem can be quite mild and start anywhere - from a cut on the finger to a chest or urine infection, for example. But when the immune system overreacts this can lead to an unintended but catastrophic attack on the body.

Question 37

what goes wrong in peritonitis?

Answer 37

bacteria gets into perontineal cavity & cause infection

Question 38

how is coagulation related to sepsis? how do cytokines have a role in this?

Answer 38

cytokines promote the formation of THROMBIN and promotes coagulation, this coagulation will lead to thrombosis of the circulation> organ ischemia >dysfunction> failure.

Question 39

which type of treatment is very important when consdidering sepsis? & why - specific - supportive

Answer 39

supportive, bc we need to restore the body back to its normal physiological state.

Question 40

if a bacteria is encapsulated , is that useful for them or not? explain. give an example

Answer 40

yes its useful, the capsule in "antiphagocytic" and the most important virulence factor. -meningicoccal meningtis> capsule helps staid maintenance of infection.

Question 41

explain the structure, type, location pathogenesis, age risk factors, transmission prevention of N. meningioccosus

Answer 41

-diplococci, gram negative -kidney bean shaped serogroups A,B,C -sits in nasopharynx mucosa -aerosols and respiratory droplets -has endotoxins 25% young adults Prevention - Vaccination - antibiotics "PROPHYLAXIS"

Question 42

what is the clinical significance of N. meningitis?

Answer 42

can lead to - meningitis - septicaemia

Question 43

what does the N.meningicoccus normally do? | what happens if this were to spread in systemic blood?

Answer 43

normally colonises the nasopharynx, if it gets into the blood it can cause: - meningitis - septicaemia

Question 44

What are Virulence factors?

Answer 44

Molecules produced by bacteria that add to their effectivness.

Question 45

What r spores?

Answer 45

First off, you might think of a bacterial spore roughly as a mummified bacterium. The spore has a hard protective coating that encases the key parts of the bacterium—think of this coating as the sarcophagus that protects a mummy. The spore also has layers of protective membranes, sort of like the wrappings around a mummy. Within these membranes and the hard coating, the dormant bacterium is able to survive for weeks, even years, through drought, heat and even radiation

Question 46

Types of virulemce factors?

Answer 46

--Host entry (e.g. polysaccharide capsule – Adherence to host cells (e.g. pili and fimbriae) – Invasiveness (e.g. enzymes such as collagenase) – Iron sequestration (siderophores)

Question 47

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 47

Lecture

Question 48

how do u treat herpes?

Answer 48

Aciclovoir

Question 49

what causes chicken pox?

Answer 49

Varicella zoster