Social changes 1799-1815 Flashcards
(29 cards)
How did Napoleon reform education?
-NB replaced the system of schools with more centrally controlled lycees which educated 10-16 year olds
-Ecole populaires(primary school) established in each commune and run by local municipality
-Schools were staffed by instructors chosen by himself
-1808 the imperial university was opened
How many lycees were there in total?
45
How many scholarships were provided by the state to the lycees?
6400
-2400 were preserved for the sons of soldiers and government officials
-remaining 4000 were filled by competition from pupils from the best remaining secondary schools
What was the role of the imperial university?
-Imperial university had a supervisory role and made sure schools conformed to the right standards.
-teacher training- had to give an oath of loyalty
-curriculum
-Reports to NB
What were the weaknesses of NB’s education reforms
-Education for ordinary people and girls was neglected
-Not all scholarships were taken up and some families preferred to send their children to slightly more relaxed colleges even though fees could be high
What was the significance of education reform for NB?
1) tightened his control over secondary education
2)educated the sons of notables who supported Nb and therefore ensured loyalty
How did Napoleon reform class distinctions and titles
-In 1802, NB established the ordre national de la legion d’honneur to reward those who had served him well
-NB = grandmaster of order and council of seven “grand officers” who were administered into council of 15 “cohorts” which the order was divided
-Created 5 classes randing from grand eagle to Chevalier (knight)
-recipients were given small annual salary and were given a star of the order alongside a sash
-1808, with the establishment of Napoleonic nobility , the award gave the title of Knight of the Empire and made hereditary after 3 generations
How many awards were given from 1802 to 1814 and how many given to civilians?
38,000(59% to military men), only 1400 given to civilians
Which family members were given titles?
His brothers: Joseph and Louis (in 1804), Jerome (1806), his sister Elisa, his adopted son
-Military general and brother in law Murat
What percentage of his nobility were from the ancien regime nobility as a prop of ralliement?
-22.5% were nobles from the Ancien Regime
Why were class distinctions and titles significant for NB?
-Helped him bind people to his regime and ensure their loyalty
What were NB’s attitudes towards women?
-Traditional views: thought they were destined for marriage
-Education not for girls, primary education was sufficient
What reforms did NB make to the role of women in France?
-Civil Code 1804, women were granted more control over their own property when they married
-Women were able to possess “immovable goods”
-Napoleon introduced the possibility of divorce by mutual consent that was determined by certain age thresholds- women under 45
What were the Weaknesses of NB’s social reforms on women?
-Divorce law remained unfair- husband’s adultery was only considered grounds for a divorce if he brought his mistress home whereas wife’s adultery could lead to 3 month gaol sentence
-land was seen as too important for women to own
-education not for women
How did NB use censorship?
-Newspapers are subject to police supervision
-No papers allowed to discuss controversial subjects; only official and military news issues by
-Publishing houses were reduced from 200 to 60 in 1808 + also had to obtain a license from police
-police were given powers to search publisher’s shops and seize any books deemed controversial
-Jan 1810 introduces new censorship board to approve or reject books
-Theaters could only operate under licenses and many were forced to shut down
How many newspapers were allowed in Paris in a) 1800 and b) 1801?
a) by 1800, reduced from 73 to 13
b) By 1801. reduced to 4
How many provincial papers were there per departement in 1810?
-one per departement in 1810
What was the name of the government newspaper?
-Le moniteur
How expensive were the fines for possessing illegal books?
-2000 francs (increased to 3000 francs)
What were the strengths of Napoleon’s censorship and propaganda?
-Sculptors, architects and artists got off more lightly:NB used their talents to project his image through paintings, monuments and pillars
-Jacques Louis David- french painter who was helped by censorship policies as government painter - pained imperial coronation
-military bulletins were published to increase morale
What was the significance of censorship and propaganda for NB?
-Up to 1810, reports on all forms of entertainment and literature were sent daily to NB- strengthened his control over forms of press
-NB engineered his own narrative propagating him being a saviour
-Stopped any opposition to his regime
What social structures did NB reform?
-Women
-Education
-Censorship and propaganda
-class distinctions and titles
-(religon)
Why did NB seek religion reforms?
-Policy of ralliement and amalgame
-Catholicism could keep social order
-New pope- Pope Pius VII in 1800
What did NB do before the concordat which shows his ralliement with catholics?
-December 1799: Church opened any day
-1800: sunday became the day of rest which moved away from revolutionary calendar
