The Nature And Variety Of Iiving Organisms (T1)

Question 0

Bio means…

Answer 0

Life and living things

Question 1

Ology means…

Answer 1

The study of

Question 2

Generally, what two categories can things be split into?

Answer 2

• living

- non-living

Question 3

What are the seven characteristics of life?

Answer 3

• movement
• reproduction
• sensitivity
• growth
• respiration
• excretion
• nutrition

MRS. GREN

Question 4

What is sometimes added as an 8th characteristic of life?

Answer 4

Control - the ability to control internal conditions

Question 5

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘movement’…

Answer 5

Both animals and plants move. Animals through their muscles and plants through growth and reacting to stimuli such as sunlight.

Question 6

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘reproduction’…

Answer 6

All animals and plants reproduce.

Plants produce seeds which give rise to more of their species.

Broadly speaking there are two main types of reproduction..

• sexual reproduction, when two parents come together along with the union of two gametes
• asexual reproduction, when one parent reproduces itself

Question 7

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘sensitivity’…

Answer 7

• both animals and plants have an awareness of internal conditions and external environments.
• animals in general react quickly to external stimuli like heat and touch
• plants react slowly to stimuli such as sunlight

Question 8

Give an example of a plant that reacts quickly to touch…

Answer 8

The Venus flytrap

Question 9

Describe the characteristic ‘growth’…

Answer 9

The increase in size and mass of plants and animals as they age / mature / feed

Question 10

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘respiration’…

Answer 10

• the process of unlocking or transferring energy from food
• it is the breakdown of glucose using oxygen to produce energy
• the energy is then used to drive further chemical reactions

Question 11

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘excretion’…

Answer 11

The process of getting rid of metabolic waste produced by the body (eg: urine and carbon dioxide)

Question 12

Getting rid of faeces is NOT excretion. What is is?

Answer 12

Egestion

Question 13

Briefly describe the characteristic ‘nutrition’…

Answer 13

• animals and plants need food for energy
• plants feed by process of photosynthesis
• animals rely on eating other plants or animals

Question 14

Plants also have organs - give four examples…

Answer 14

• leaves
• roots
• stems
• flowers

Question 15

Name the seven main organ systems in the human body…

Answer 15

• digestive system
• respiratory system
• circulatory system
• excretory system
• nervous system
• endocrine system
• reproductive system

Question 16

What are the 5 kingdoms of living organisms?

Answer 16

• animals
• plants
• fungi
• protoctists
• bacteria

Question 17

Why are viruses not categorised as ‘living’?

Answer 17

• until they invade a host they cannot be classified as living
• they are described as being on the threshold of life

Question 18

Are plants unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 18

All plants are multicellular

Question 19

Due to plant’s method of photosynthesis, they are described as what kind of feeders?

Answer 19

Autotrophic feeders

Question 20

What are the two main types of plants?

Answer 20

• flowering plants, like cereals, herbaceous legumes and conifers
• green plants such as algae, ferns and mosses

Question 21

As animals feed in other organisms, they are known as what kind of feeders?

Answer 21

Heterotrophic feeders

Question 22

How do animals usually achieve movement amongst and other such functions?

Answer 22

Through nervous communication - communications between neurons in the nervous system

Question 23

In what form do animals store carbohydrates in their cells?

Answer 23

Animals store carbohydrates in the cells as the compound glycogen

Question 24

Animals are unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 24

Multicellular

Question 25

What are the six groups of animals?

Answer 25

- invertebrates - fish - amphibians - reptiles - birds - mammals

Question 26

Describe invertebrates...

Answer 26

Animals with no backbone, such as sponges, inspects, segmented worms etc...

Question 27

Describe fish...

Answer 27

They breathe using gills under water and have no limbs

Question 28

Describe amphibians...

Answer 28

Vertebrates (have a spine) and generally lay eggs in water

Question 29

Describe reptiles...

Answer 29

Cold blooded vertebrates, distinguished from amphibians by their scales and their ability to lay hard shelled amniotic eggs

Question 30

Describe birds...

Answer 30

Have feathers, bills and can usually fly

Question 31

Describe mammals...

Answer 31

Distinguished from reptiles and birds by hair, three middle ear bones, mammary glands (in females) and the region of the brain called the Neo Cortex

Question 32

Are fungi multicellular or unicellular?

Answer 32

Can be unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular (mushrooms and toadstools)

Question 33

What substance is the cell wall of fungi made of?

Answer 33

A substance called chitin

Question 34

How do fungi feed?

Answer 34

They secrete digestive enzymes onto food materials then absorb the organic product

Question 35

What kind of feeders are fungi known as?

Answer 35

Saprotrophic feeders

Question 36

What are the enzymes that are secreted our of fungi cells for saprotrophic nutrition known as?

Answer 36

Extracellular enzymes

Question 37

What is the hyphae?

Answer 37

A network of threadlike filaments under the soil, beneath and connected to mushrooms and toadstools

Question 38

What is often the reproductive structure of mushrooms and toadstools?

Answer 38

Quite often the mushrooms or toadstools themselves

Question 39

What is a whole network of hyphae called?

Answer 39

The mycelium

Question 40

How can fungi store carbohydrates?

Answer 40

Fungi can store carbohydrates as glycogen

Question 41

Where is the hyphae located on mould?

Answer 41

A mould is like a mushroom without its fruiting body and just consists of the network of hyphae

Question 42

Instead of seeds, how do fungi reproduce?

Answer 42

Using spores

Question 43

What are protoctists?

Answer 43

- sometimes known as 'the Dustbin Kingdom' - a mixed group of organisms with no distinct identity - microscopic single-called organisms - can exists either on their own or in cell colonies

Question 44

Briefly describe and give examples of two different types of protoctists...

Answer 44

- some, like the amoeba, have features similar to animal cells. These are known as Protozoa. - others, like chlorella, have chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis. These are known as algae.

Question 45

Give an example of a pathogenic protoctista...

Answer 45

Plasmodium, which causes malaria

Question 46

Algae are usually unicellular, but give an example of when they can be multicellular

Answer 46

Some species of algae like seaweeds are multicellular and can grow to a great size

Question 47

Describe bacteria...

Answer 47

- small single-called organisms - bacteria cells are much smaller than those of animals, plants or protoctists and have a much simpler structure - all bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex chemicals made of polysaccharides and proteins - some species have another layer outside the cell wall called a capsule or slime layer - have no nucleus, but instead DNA is in a single chromosome, loose in the cytoplasm, forming a circular loop

Question 48

How do bacteria feed?

Answer 48

Some can photosynthesise, but most feed on living or dead organisms

Question 49

What are flagella (singular - flagellum) ?

Answer 49

Structures that allow some bacteria cells to swim, by corkscrew type movements

Question 50

Give an idea of how small bacteria are...

Answer 50

- a typical animal cell is approx 10um to 50um in diameter | - a typical bacteria is only 1 to 5um in length

Question 51

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

Answer 51

- spheres - rods - spirals

Question 52

3/4 of all known bacteria contain small circular rings of DNA. What are they called?

Answer 52

Plasmids

Question 53

Give two examples of bacteria...

Answer 53

- lactobacillus bulgaricus is rod shaped and used in the production of yoghurt from milk - pneumococcus is spherical and acts as a pathogen causing pneumonia

Question 54

Describe viruses...

Answer 54

- parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells - have no cellular structure, but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid; DNA or RNA - sometimes a membrane called an envelope may surround a virus particle but the virus steals this from the surface membrane of a host cell

Question 55

How big are virus cells?

Answer 55

Around 0.01 and 0.1um in diameter

Question 56

How does a virus reproduce?

Answer 56

- enters a host cell - takes over the hosts genetic machinery to make more virus particles - once enough particles have been made the host cell dies - the virus particles are released to infect more cells

Question 57

Usually the immune system destroys an invading virus and the person survives, but sometimes the virus destroys the immune system itself. Give example...

Answer 57

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) which eventually causes the disease AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Question 58

Describe a virus which infects plant cells...

Answer 58

The tobacco mosaic virus, which interferes with the ability of the tobacco plant to make chloroplasts, causing mottled patches on the leaves

Question 59

What are pathogens?

Answer 59

Microorganisms that cause disease

Question 60

What type of cells can pathogens be?

Answer 60

They can be bacteria, viruses, protoctists and sometimes fungi

Question 61

How does vaccination work?

Answer 61

Pathogens are passed into the body in a weakened form, just enough to create enough white blood cells to protect the body from the disease

Question 62

Give some examples of pathogens...

Answer 62

- influenza - athlete's foot (fungi) - the bacteria that causes cholera - plasmodium, the protoctista that causes malaria