topic 1

Question 1

behaviour modification

Answer 1

field of psych concerned with analyzing and modifying behaviour.
ask why someone behaved in a certain way
ask how we can make that behaviour change

Question 2

behaviorist

Answer 2

studies over (external) actions. Anything subject does that can be observed

Question 3

measurable dimensions of behaviour

Answer 3

frequency (how many times a behaviour occurs), duration ( how long the behaviour continues to occur), intensity (how strongly the behaviour occurs), latency (how long does it take after onset for the behaviour to start occurring)

Question 4

target behaviour

Answer 4

behaviour you want to change

Question 5

behavioural excess

Answer 5

undesirable behaviour you want to decrease

Question 6

behavioural deficit

Answer 6

desirable behaviour you want to increase

Question 7

behaviour analysis

Answer 7

the scientific study of behaviour. originally developed from Skinner’s experimental research

Question 8

applied behaviour analysis

Answer 8

the scientific study of behaviour to help change that behaviour . Specifically targeted at human behaviour

Question 9

indirect assessment

Answer 9

measure target behaviour with interviews , questionnaires, and/ or rating scales after the fact. Individuals can report on their own behaviour . Assessments may rely on testimony from other people. Requires recall of an individuals behaviour

Question 10

direct assessment

Answer 10

target behaviour is measured as it occurs . observer can be the individual engaging in the behaviour, or another person (or recording device). documenting behaviour as it happens removes reliance on recall

Question 11

self monitoring

Answer 11

client is trained to observe their own target behaviour . Useful when independent observers are not available, target behaviour is infrequent, target behaviour does not occur in the presence of other people

Question 12

Process of behaviour assessment

Answer 12

1. define the target behaviour
2. determine how the behaviour will be recorded

Question 13

operational definition

Answer 13

description that specifies exactly how a term will be measured. Must be precise, quantifiable, objective, unambiguous, practical, useful, and should not reference internal states

Question 14

remote monitoring

Answer 14

recording device is used to record behaviour

Question 15

independent observer

Answer 15

someone besides the person exhibiting the target behaviour records the behaviour

Question 16

structured observation period

Answer 16

involve arranging for specific events or situations to occur

Question 17

unstructured observation period

Answer 17

simply observe behaviour as it occurs with out intervention

Question 18

continuous recording

Answer 18

document every instance of the target behaviour during the observation period

Question 19

sample recording

Answer 19

document some of the instances of the target behaviour. includes interval recording and time sample recording

Question 20

interval recording

Answer 20

record whether the target behaviour occurs within certain time intervals

Question 21

partial interval recording

Answer 21

document if target behaviour occurred during any part of the interval

Question 22

whole interval recording

Answer 22

document in the target behaviour occurs during the entire interval

Question 23

frequency within interval recording

Answer 23

document how many times the target behaviour occurs with in consecutive intervals of time in observation period

Question 24

Time sample recording

Answer 24

divide observation period into intervals of time but only observe the behaviour during part of each interval . Periods of observation separated by period without observation.

Question 25

momentary time sample recording

Answer 25

records behaviour only if it occurs at the exact instant the interval ends.

Question 26

product recording

Answer 26

record tangible outcomes (products) that result from the occurrence of the behaviour. Not a direct observation of the behaviour itself

Question 27

natural settings

Answer 27

places in which target behaviours normally occur. More representative sample of target behaviour

Question 28

artificial settings/ analogue

Answer 28

places that are not part of normal daily routine. more controlled environment. easier to manipulate variables that influence behaviour

Question 29

reactivity

Answer 29

when a persons behaviour changes as a result of that behaviour being observed

Question 30

how to evaluate interobserver agreement (IOA)

Answer 30

1. 2 people independently record and observe same target behaviour during same observation period 2. compare recordings of two observers 3. calculate percentage of agreement

Question 31

the research method of behaviour modification

Answer 31

1. measure the dependent variable (target behaviour) 2. manipulate the independent variable (environmental events/ treatment) and demonstrate a change in the target behaviour -> eliminate confounding variables 3. repeat

Question 32

A-B design

Answer 32

one baseline and one treatment phase. not a true research design (there is no replication). does not demonstrate a functional relationship.

Question 33

A-B-A-B reversal design

Answer 33

multiple baseline and treatment phases. remover treatment and go back to baseline, implement treatment again. demonstrates functional relationship

Question 34

multiple baseline designs

Answer 34

1. multiple baseline subjects : 2+ subjects with the same target behaviour. Treatment is staggered over time across subjects. 2. multiple baseline behaviours: 2+ behaviours of the same subject . treatment is staggered across behaviours 3. multiple baseline settings: 2+ settings with the same subject and same target behaviour . treatment is staggered across settings.

Question 35

alternating treatment designs

Answer 35

baseline/ treatment implemented on alternating days or sessions, for the same amount of time

Question 36

changing criterion designs

Answer 36

a baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases, with the criterion for reinforcement or punishment gradually changing

Question 37

Functional assessment

Answer 37

goal is to determine why a problem behaviour occurs (or desirable behaviour does not occur). requires functional understanding of the stimuli in the environment that influences a behaviour.

Question 38

antecedents

Answer 38

stimuli that alter the current probability of a behavior . Behavior is more likely in their presence now

Question 39

consequences

Answer 39

(reinforcers and punishers). strengthen or weaken a behaviour. Behaviour is more or less likely in the future

Question 40

exploratory functional analysis

Answer 40

test a range of possible functions. No clear hypothesis about function, test range of multiple functions, test condition for each function, 1 control condition for all functions, identifies functions and rules out other functions

Question 41

hypothesis testing functional analysis

Answer 41

test hypothesis from descriptive assessment. have a clear hypothesis from indirect and direct assessment, test and control control condition for 1 function, identifies function, does not rule out other functions.