topic 2 Flashcards

(32 cards)

1
Q

learning

A

an enduring or durable change in behaviour or mental processes due to experience. relatively permanent , causes a change in behaviour, occurs due to interactions with the environment

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2
Q

innate

A

something inborn or naturally occurring

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3
Q

reflex

A

stimulus-response relationship which is either learned or innate and indicates behaviour that happens automatically

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4
Q

elicited behaviour

A

occurs in response to environmental stimulus. ex. pupils constrict when exposed to bright light

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5
Q

modal action patterns (MAP)

A

species typical response patterns or “instincts” ; genetically programmed. Rather than single actions, a sequence of behaviours

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6
Q

eliciting stimuli

A

stimuli that initiates the modal action pattern

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7
Q

sign stimulus

A

aka releasing stimulus. Features necessary to elicit the response

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8
Q

supernormal stimulus

A

exaggerated sign stimulus that elicits more vigorous response

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9
Q

event alone learning

A

habituation and sensitization

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10
Q

event event learning

A

classical (pavlovian) conditioning

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11
Q

behaviour event learning

A

instrumental (operant) conditioning

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12
Q

social learning

A

observational learning

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13
Q

habituation

A

process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli. highly specific to the stimulus producing it.

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14
Q

sensory adaptation

A

reduction in sensitivity to the sense organs caused by repeated stimulation

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15
Q

fatigue

A

decrease in behaviour due to repeated or excessive use of muscles

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16
Q

sensitization

A

increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus. not specific to 1 stimulus. can result from repeated presentations of a stimulus or by arousal from extraneous stimuli

17
Q

classical/ respondent/ Pavlovian Conditioning

A

form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a 2nd stimulus. behaviours are elicited by antecedent stimuli

18
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it

19
Q

unconditioned response

A

response naturally associated with the unconditioned stimulus

20
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

21
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response

22
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response to an environmental stimulus

23
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect

A

if a response, in presence of a stimulus, is followed by a reward, bond between stimulus and response is strengthened, if it is followed by punishment, bond between stimulus and response is weakened

24
Q

operant/ instrumental conditioning

A

learning that is controlled by the consequences of behaviour

25
positive reinforcement
add a desirable stimulus. increases frequency of behaviour
26
negative reinforcement
remove an unpleasant stimulus. Increases frequency of behaviour
27
positive punishment
add an unpleasant stimulus. Decreases frequency of behaviour
28
negative punishment
remove a desirable stimulus. decreases frequency of behaviour
29
operant behaviours
controlled by their consequences
30
classical behaviours
controlled/elicited by antecedent stimuli
31
social (observational) learning
we understand what to do by watching others
32
vicarious conditioning
occurs by an organism watching another organism (a model) be conditioned