topic 5

Question 1

punishment

Answer 1

the procedure of providing consequences for a behaviour that decreases the probability of the behaviour in the future

Question 2

punisher

Answer 2

any event or stimulus that follows a operant response and decreases its future probability

Question 3

Premack Principle for reinforcement

Answer 3

high probability behaviour reinforced low probability behaviour. if the low probability behaviour must be completed in order to get to perform the high probability behaviour , then the low probability behaviour will be more likely to occur as time goes on

Question 4

Premack Principle for punishment

Answer 4

low probability behaviour punished high probability behaviour. if the low probability behaviour must be completed if the high probability behaviour has occurred, then the high probability behaviour will be less likely to occur as time goes on

Question 5

positive punishment practices

Answer 5

included overcorrection , contingent exercise, guided compliance, and physical constraint

Question 6

overcorrection

Answer 6

contingent on the problem behaviour. individual has to engage in effortful behaviour related to the problem behaviour . includes positive practice and restitution

Question 7

positive practice

Answer 7

must do the correct form of a behaviour for a period of time

Question 8

restitution

Answer 8

must fix the environment disrupted by the problem behaviour

Question 9

contingent exercise

Answer 9

the individual engages in some effortful behaviour for a specified period of time. the effortful behaviour is unrelated to the problem behaviour

Question 10

guided compliance

Answer 10

the individual is physically guided to comply with the request

Question 11

physical restraint

Answer 11

the body part involved in the behaviour is held immobile for a specified period of time.

Question 12

response blocking

Answer 12

physically stopping a behaviour from being completed.

Question 13

negative punishment practices

Answer 13

includes time out and response cost

Question 14

Time out

Answer 14

“time out” from positive reinforcer. behaviour results in loss of access to a positive reinforcer that is maintaining that behaviour

Question 15

exclusionary timeout

Answer 15

completely removed from the location

Question 16

non exclusionary timeout

Answer 16

prevented from participating but still in the location

Question 17

response cost

Answer 17

contingent on a problem behaviour occurring, a specified amount is removed. ex. swear jar

Question 18

negative reinforcement practices

Answer 18

includes escape learning, avoidance learning, and learned helplessness

Question 19

escape learning

Answer 19

when an operant changes the environment from a situation where a negative reinforcer (aversive stimulus) is present to one where it is absent. compatibility with reflexive unconditioned responses affects how quickly a response occurs

Question 20

avoidance learning

Answer 20

when an operant prevents the occurrence of an aversive stimuli. need to have a reliable stimulus in the environment (antecedent) that warns of upcoming delivery of the aversive stimulus.

Question 21

learned helplessness

Answer 21

when an inescapable aversive situation is repeatedly encountered, individuals learn that it cannot be escaped and stop trying . they come to believe that they are unable to influence the situation, they are helpless

Question 22

overcoming learned helplessness

Answer 22

create a situation in which failure of avoidance is not possible. or can prevent learned helplessness by pre-exposure to escape and avoidance contingencies

Question 23

punishment can be reinforcing

Answer 23

someone who successfully used punishment to reduce the occurrence of an undesired behaviour is negatively reinforced by the removal of that aversive behaviour and is therefore more likely to engage in that behaviour. can also lead to imitation or modelling in the individual being punished

Question 24

avoiding and escaping punishment

Answer 24

can induce escape and avoidance behaviours like lying, hiding, learning, when its safe to engage in the behaviour without being caught, avoiding the individual delivering the punishment . aggression can also be a form of escape (lashing out when being punished)

Question 25

alternative behaviours

Answer 25

punishment alone does not teach acceptable behaviours that can be done in place of unacceptable behaviours. if no alternative behaviours are reinforced, the organism may just do nothing at all and exhibit a malaise or apathy

Question 26

aspects of effective punishment

Answer 26

do not delay punishment, use consistent contingency and intensity, explain punishment, negative punishment is preferred

Question 27

ethics of punishment

Answer 27

-informed consent -alternative treatments -recipient safely -problem severity -implementation guidelines -training and supervision -peer review

Question 28

unconditioned punisher

Answer 28

a stimulus that inherently decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, without any prior learning or conditioning. It's naturally aversive and unpleasant, prompting an organism to avoid behaviors that lead to it.