topic 12

Question 1

fear

Answer 1

operant and respondent behaviour produced in response to a specific stimulus.
-respondent behaviour involves the bodily responses involved in autonomic arousal
-operant behaviour involves escape and avoidance responses in the feared situation
-respondent behaviour can function as a establishing operation for operant behaviour

Question 2

anxiety

Answer 2

the respondent behaviour involved in autonomic arousal

Question 3

fear vs anxiety

Answer 3

no meaningful behavioural distinction between fear and anxiety. some distinguish on the basis of whether the threat is known.

Question 4

anxiety disorders

Answer 4

-separation anxiety disorder
-specific phobias
- social anxiety disorder/social phobia
-panic disorder
-agoraphobia
-generalized anxiety disorder

Question 5

relaxation training procedures

Answer 5

train behaviours that produce bodily responses incompatible with autonomic arousal. requires practice. state of anxiety comes to function as a SD for engaging in relaxation techniques which are negatively reinforced by the reduction of tension

Question 6

progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)

Answer 6

tense and relax each muscle group in the body until a more relaxed state is achieved.

Question 7

diaphragmatic breathing

Answer 7

focus on deep, slow, rhythmic breathing to produce relaxation. breathe from the diaphragm rather than the chest. shallow breathing is associated with autonomic arousal

Question 8

attention focusing

Answer 8

focus attention on words or images to remove attention from anxiety -producing thoughts and/or images.
-guided imagery , hypnosis, meditation

Question 9

behavioural relaxation training

Answer 9

assume relaxed postures in all major parts of the body. client learns to behave as a relaxed individual would. very similar to progressive muscle relaxation, but does not revolve tensing before relaxation

Question 10

systematic desensitization

Answer 10

individual with a phobia imagines progressively more frightening stimuli related to the phobia while practicing relaxation techniques.
-client learns a relaxation technique.
-client and therapist develop a hierarchy of feat producing stimuli
-client practices relaxation techniques while imaging progressively higher anxiety stimuli from the hierarchy

Question 11

in vivo desensitization

Answer 11

individual with a phobia encounters progressively more frightening stimuli related to the phobia while practicing relaxation techniques

Question 12

virtual reality

Answer 12

can be sued for desensitization. controlled, virtual environment so no need for real , physical stimulus. more real than imagining stimulus. technology is rapidly improving and costs are dropping, so becoming more and more viable.

Question 13

flooding

Answer 13

client is exposed to the real feared stimulus at maximum intensity until it no longer produces a fear response. can be effective , but must be done correctly

Question 14

modelling

Answer 14

client observes another person engaging with the feared stimulus in a positive way.
-model desirable behavior
-can be done in person or through video

Question 15

public event

Answer 15

behaviour that is observable by a person rather than the one engaging in the behaviour. aka overt behaviour. can be verified by scientific methods of observation

Question 16

private event

Answer 16

behaviour that is only observable to the person who produces it. aka covert behaviour. by definition, unverifiable

Question 17

the problem with labels

Answer 17

labels can lead to circular reasoning:
1. observed behavior is given a label
2. label is sued as an explanation for the behaviour
- this is a problem because a label is not a cause for the behaviour

Question 18

functions of cognitive behaviour

Answer 18

• a thought or an image can function as an SD for other operant behaviour . ex. self instructions, problem solving, decision making lead to successful behaviour
• a though or image can function as a reinforcer or punisher ex. self praise or self criticism
  -a thought or image can function as a CS. ex. can elicit anxiety, anger, etc.
• a thought or image can function as an EO (or AO).ex. imagining a positive outcome for an action

Question 19

cognitive restructuring

Answer 19

approach where the goal is to replace distressing thoughts with more desirable (rational or functional) thoughts

Question 20

cognitive coping skills

Answer 20

approach where the goal is to learn cognitive skills that help promote the desirable behaviour and use them in related problem situations

Question 21

cognitive restructuring steps

Answer 21

1, identify the distressing thoughts and the situations where they occur (retrospective self report, continuous self monitoring)
2. identify the emotional response, mood, or behaviour that follows.
3. help the client replace distressing thoughts with more rational thoughts

Question 22

all or nothing thinking

Answer 22

interprets things at black or white , no grey

Question 23

overgeneralization

Answer 23

over-apply evidence from one experience to multiple others

Question 24

disqualifying the positive

Answer 24

discount or ignore positive aspects, usually with overweighting of negative aspects

Question 25

magnification and minimization

Answer 25

blow negative events out of proportion while minimizing scale of positive events

Question 26

jumping to conclusions

Answer 26

come to negative assumptions without facts to support them.

Question 27

labeling and mislabeling

Answer 27

applying labels to yourself and others, which an change your views and actions

Question 28

personalization

Answer 28

take credit for negative events and deny credit for positive events regardless of your actual role

Question 29

challenging cognitive distortions

Answer 29

- do not tell client what to think, lead them to the realization of how to think (people don't change thoughts because they are told to) - ask leading questions that challenge their distorted thoughts and lead them to see the logical failures.

Question 30

stress instructional training

Answer 30

a cognitive-behavioral approach where individuals are taught to use internal or external self-statements to guide and regulate their behavior

Question 31

stress inoculation training

Answer 31

1. rehearse coping self statements in role plays of the difficult situations 2. practice in progressively more stressful situations in the natural environment

Question 32

problem solving training

Answer 32

1. develop a problem solving orientation 2. define the problem to be solved 3. generate possible solutions through brain storming 4. evaluate each potential solution 5. put the plan into action and evaluate how it works

Question 33

acceptance based therapies

Answer 33

the goal is to accept negative thoughts and feelings, not to change them. client learns thoughts and feelings can continue to occur but you can react differently.

Question 34

acceptance and commitment therapy

Answer 34

goal is increased psychological flexibility. -Hexaflex model develops 6 types of repertoires: acceptance, values, self as context, present moment awareness, committed action, diffusion

Question 35

mindfulness based interventions

Answer 35

focused on the present moment rather than the past, or worry about the future, or judgmental thoughts. nonjudgmental awareness of a person's actions and environmental events.