topic 10 Flashcards
self management
when an individual uses behaviour modification techniques to change their own behaviour . subject is their own change agent.
behaviour deficits
desirable behaviours are not occurring enough
behaviour excesses
undesirable behaviours are occurring too much
deficit: delayed reinforcers
delivery of reinforcer may be delayed . Makes it harder to associate the behaviour with the reinforcer, decreases reinforcement value.
deficit: low value reinforcers
delivery of reinforcer may be unappealing. You know the behaviour will lead to the reinforcer, but you don’t want the reinforcer that badly . If consequence of desired behaviour is not very appealing, undesired behaviour can be more likely.
deficit: high response costs
if a behaviour takes a lot of effort to complete, the magnitude of the reinforcer needs to be sufficiently high to overcome the effort needed. If it takes a lot of effort to engage in the desired behaviour, the undesired behaviour can be more likely (especially if its easier to engage in)
deficit : immediate punishment
behaviours don’t just have one consequence. If the consequences of a behaviour include something aversive, the magnitude of the reinforcer needs to be sufficiently high to overcome it.
deficit: competing contingencies
other behaviours may be immediately reinforced. More immediate consequences are more strongly valued. Other behaviours may offer stronger reinforcers. Larger value is more reinforcing.
deficit: antecedent stimuli
behaviour may be unlikely to occur because discriminative stimuli for the behaviour are lacking in the environment . Or extinction stimuli are present. Also, presence of discriminative stimuli for undesired behaviour can make that behaviour more likely instead of the desired behaviour.
excess: antecedent stimuli
behaviour may be too likely to occur because discriminative stimuli for the behaviour are common in the environment. Or extinction stimuli are not present.
excess: delayed punishers
delivery of punisher may be delayed. makes it harder to associate the behaviour with the punisher. decreases punishment value. If consequences of undesired behaviour is not very salient , undesired behaviour can be more likely
excess: immediate reinforcement
behaviours don’t just have one consequence. If an undesired behaviour has an immediate reinforcing consequence and long term punishing consequence, they will both be weighted but we undervalue delayed consequences
excess: low response cost
if a behaviour is easy to complete, the behaviour is more likely to occur. If it takes a lot of effort to engage in the desired behaviour, the undesired behaviour can be more likely (especially if its easier to engage in)
controlling behaviour
your self management strategy. i.e., the action taken to regulate behavior
controlled behaviour
target behaviour to be changed as a result of the strategy
goal setting
establish the criterion for the target behaviour that you intend to achieve. What is the desired outcome of the procedure? How much or how little of the behaviour are you aiming to see at the end?
-goals should have specific success criteria
-goals should have a set timeline
-goals must be achievable (aim high, but not too high)
self monitoring
keeping track of your own behaviour.
-ongoing monitoring can help evaluate progress
-concrete record of plan can help (ex. behavioural contract)
behavioural contracts
written document that specifies both target behaviour(s) and contingencies of the procedure. What are the specifics of the behaviours targeted? what counts or doesn’t count? what are the consequences and the situations in which they will be delivered? what is the schedule of reinforcement?
contract manager
helpful for behavioural contracts. another person responsible for carrying out consequences in line with the contract. avoids possibility of short circuiting the contingency
short circuiting the contingency
allowing yourself to have the reinforcer before you meet the requirements for its delivery.
antecedent manipulations
- present discriminative stimulus for desirable behaviours
- present extinction stimulus for undesirable behaviour
- remove discriminative stimulus for undesirable behaviour
- remove extinction stimulus for desired behaviour
- arrange establishing operations for desirable behaviour
-arrange abolishing operations for undesirable behaviours - decrease response effort or delays for desirable behaviours.
- increase response effort or delays for undesirable behaviours
arranging reinforcers and punishers
choose appropriate consequences for specific levels of behaviour(s). Be cautious of ratio strain. Too much responding required to receive reinforcement can reduce responding overall. Be cautious of short circuiting. Consider effects of satiation and deprivation.
recruiting social support
arranging reinforcers and punishers through family and friends. Others can provide natural cues for behaviour. Especially helpful with others engaging in self managment.
self instructions
statements you produce that make target behaviour more likely to occur in a specific situation. Serves as a controlling antecedent stimulus (SD)
