topic 7 Flashcards
differential reinforcement
an operant training procedure in which some behaviours are systematically reinforced and others are not. basically, reinforcement and extinction together
types of differential reinforcement
- differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)
- differential reinforcement of high rates of responding (DRH)
-differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO) - differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour (DRA)
differential reinforcement of low rates of behaviour (DRL)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon a low rate of responding during a certain period of time. i.e., the behaviour is only reinforced if it occurs no more than a set maximum number of times in a set time period. results in less of the behaviour but not none.
full session DRL
reinforcement delivered it fewer than a specified number of responses occur in a period of time. e.g., child raises hand less than 3x a class
spaced responding DRL
reinforcement delivered if a set amount of time passes between responses
using DRL
- identify target behaviour
- evaluate if DRL is best procedure
- determine acceptable rates of the behaviour
- full session or spaced responding DRL
- once plan is set, inform client
- implement treatment and provide feedback
differential reinforcement of high rates of responding (DRH)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon a high rate of responding during a certain period of time . i.e., the behaviour is only reinforced if it occurs at least a set minimum number of times in a set time period. results in more of the behaviour. useful to increase desired behaviour
Differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon the absence of the behaviour during a certain time period. i.e., reinforcement only occurs if the behaviour is absent in a set time period. decreases responding to zero. useful if extinction is not possible.
Short DRO interval
use for a frequent problem behaviour
long DRO interval
use for a infrequent problem behaviour
using DRO
1, identify target behaviour
2. evaluate if DRO is best procedure
3. determine effective reinforcer
4. choose initial DRO interval
5. once plan is set, inform client
6. implement treatment and provide feedback
whole interval DRO
the problem must be absent for the whole interval for reinforcement
momentary DRO
the problem must be absent at the end of the interval for reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour (DRA)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon the occurrence of a desirable behaviour. Occurrence of the undesired behaviour is put on extinction . i.e., reinforcement of wanted behaviour and extinction of wanted behaviour
using DRA
- identify target behaviours to increase and decrease
- evaluate if DRA is best procedure
- determine effective reinforcer
- determine method of extinction
- once plan is set, inform client
- implement treatment and provide feedback
considerations for DRA
-must have a desirable Behaviour to increase and that behaviour must occur at least sometimes so it can be reinforced
- can the undesired behaviour be extinguished, can we withhold the reinforcer that has maintained it in the past
- desirable behaviour should require less effort than the undesirable behaviour
single stimulus assessment
potential reinforcers are presented individually multiple times in random orderings. on each exposure, record if stimulus was approached or not. percentage of approaches are calculated
paired stimulus assessment
potential reinforcers are presented in pairs. each stimulus is presented with every other stimulus multiple times. percentage of approaches/selections are calculated
multiple stimulus assessments without replacement
potential reinforcers are presented in a full array. Items are removed as they are chosen. process is repeated with varied item orderings. items chosen first are likely more reinforcing
reinforcement of alternative behaviour
reinforce desirable behaviour immediately and consistently. (contingency and contiguity are important). if desirable behaviour is rare, can prompt to make the behaviour more likely to occur.
prompting desired behaviour
Prompting =providing cues or guidance. prompt the desirable behaviour before undesirable behaviour occurs, not after. prompt when important establishing operations and discriminative stimuli are present . draw attention to presence of antecedents that should make the behaviour more likely to occur.
extinction of undesirable behaviour
identify reinforcer(s) maintaining undesirable behaviour. if reinforcer can be withheld by change agent, use extinction as normal. if reinforcer cannot be withheld, get creative -> increase effort required to complete undesirable behaviour, use DRL to reduce occurrence of undesirable behaviour, use DRO to eliminate undesirable behaviour
maintenance and generalization
switch from continuous reinforcement during learning to intermittent reinforcement for maintenance. Intermittent reinforcement schedules are more resistant to extinction. use generalization procedures to help ensure the desirable behaviour occurs in all relevant situations and with all relevant agents
Differential negative reinforcement of alternative Behaviour (DNRA)
when reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus (i.e. escape behaviour).
