UGI 2

Question 1

2/3 of urogenital schistosomiasis is due to what

Answer 1

schistosoma hematobium

Question 2

symptoms/side effects of schistosomiasis

Answer 2

contact bleeding, discharge, pain on intercourse, secondary infections, diminished fertility

increased chance of bladder cancer

Question 3

specimen for UTIs

Answer 3

clean catch urine specimen

white and red blood cells, bacteria

Question 4

tests used for diagnosis of UTIs and why

Answer 4

leukocyte-esterase test
nitrate –> nitrite
bacteria converts nitrate to nitrite so looking for nitrite is diagnostic

Question 5

amount of specimen needed in symptomatic women for accurate diagnosis for UTI

Answer 5

10^2 CFU

Question 6

what drug used in the treatment for UTIs caused by e. coli is no longer effective because of the widespread resistance

Answer 6

fluoroquinolones

Question 7

population with highest risk of STI

Answer 7

15-24 year olds

Question 8

signs and symptoms seen in gonorrhea and chlamydia (also name the pathogen)

Answer 8

urethral discharge, cervicitis - vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain in women, neonatal conjunctivitis

neisseria gonorrhea and chlamydia trachomatis

Question 9

signs and symptoms seen in syphilis and the pathogen

Answer 9

treponema pallidum

anogenital ulcers, inguinal swelling, generalized skin rash

Question 10

signs and symptoms seen in chancroid and the pathogen

Answer 10

hemophilus ducreyi

genital ulcers with inguinal swelling

Question 11

signs and symptoms seen in granuloma inguinale or donovanosis and the pathogen

Answer 11

klebsiella granulomatis

nodular swellings and anogenital ulcers

Question 12

difference in the discharge in trichomoniasis and candidiasis

Answer 12

trichomoniasis - frothy (protein) vaginal discharge

candidiasis - thick curd like vaginal discharge

Question 13

manifestations of STI

Answer 13

URETHRAL DISCHARGE, vaginal discharge, genital ulcers, lower abdominal pain, scrotal swelling, inguinal bulbo, neonatal conjunctivitis

Question 14

other than cervicitis, what is another cause of vaginal discharge

Answer 14

vaginitis - trichomoniasis and candidiasis

Question 15

causes of genital ulcers

Answer 15

syphilis, genital herpes, chancroid

Question 16

causes of inguinal bubo

Answer 16

chancroid and LGV

Question 17

causes of neonatal conjunctivitis

Answer 17

gonorrhea and chlamydia

Question 18

mixtures of anaerobes can lead to female genital tract infections. name the common anaerobes

Answer 18

Prevotella bivia and disiens, bacteriodes fragillis

Question 19

conditions with vaginitis

Answer 19

bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis

Question 20

what is vaginitis characterized by

Answer 20

vaginal discharge, vulvar itching, irritation, odor

Question 21

most common cause of vaginitis and most common vaginal infection in childbearing aged women

Answer 21

bacterial vaginosis

Question 22

what is bacterial vaginosis

Answer 22

normal balance of bacteria in vagina is disrupted replaced by certain overgrowth

Question 23

increased risk of HIV transmission is seen in what conditions

Answer 23

Bacterial Vaginosis, Trichomoniasis, Gonorrhea

Question 24

how do you distinguish bacterial vaginosis from candidiasis and trichomonas

Answer 24

clue cells

Question 25

how and why is the pH of vagina affected in bacterial vaginosis

Answer 25

people with bacterial vaginosis have fewer lactobacilli hence not as much lactic acid being produced --> increased pH if pH is greater than 4.5 --> suggests BV

Question 26

candida albicans is normal flora of what

Answer 26

vagina, urethra, skin under nails

Question 27

primary site of colonization for candida albicans

Answer 27

GI tract

Question 28

conditions that put women at risk for candidiasis

Answer 28

pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, use of broad spectrum antibiotics or corticosteroid medication

Question 29

only known protozoan parasite that infects the genital tract

Answer 29

trichomonas vaginalis

Question 30

risk factors for trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 30

multiple sex partners, history of STDs, low socioeconomic status, lack of condom use

Question 31

most common site of trichomoniasis infection in men and women

Answer 31

men: urethra women: vagina

Question 32

mode of transmission for trichomoniasis

Answer 32

sex is primary | fomites is also possible

Question 33

how do you detect trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 33

NAAT

Question 34

what is seen in NAAT

Answer 34

parasite with 4 flagella and short undulating membrane responsible for motility

Question 35

clinical presentation of trichomoniasis

Answer 35

frothy discharge and strawberry cervix

Question 36

difference in pH for conditions that cause vaginitis

Answer 36

bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis both have pH higher than 4.5 candidiasis has a pH of less than 4.5

Question 37

what would you see with KOH wet mount for candidiasis

Answer 37

pseudohyphae if caused by candida albicans | spores if caused by other non albicans species

Question 38

term used to describe gonorrhea in military situations

Answer 38

bacterial urethritis

Question 39

major reservoir of gonorrhea

Answer 39

asymptomatically infected individual