Unit 1: Evolution & Unit 2: Research Enterprise In Psychology Study Questions Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
A focus on the adaptive value of personality is of most relevance to which of the following perspectives?
A
Evolutionary Perspective
2
Q
A focus on only observable events can be studied is of most relevance to which of the following perspectives?
A
Behavioral Perspective
3
Q
A focus on the unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders is of most relevance to which of the following perspective ?
A
Psychoanalytic
4
Q
A focus on humans are free rational beings with potential for growth and are fundamentally different from animals is of most relevance to which of the following perspectives?
A
Humanistic
5
Q
A focus on behavior cannot be understood auntie we examine how people aquire, store and process information such as thinking, memory and language is of most relevance to which of the following perspectives?
A
Cognitive
6
Q
A focus on an organism functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical process that underline behaviors is of most relevance to which of the following perspectives?
A
Biological
7
Q
Which professional MUST have a medical degree?
A
Psychiatrist
8
Q
Which Professional has a Doctoral Degree?
A
Clinical Psychologist
9
Q
What are the 4 Professional Specialist witching Applied Psychology?
A
- Clinical Psychology
- Counseling psychology
- Education and school psychology
- Industrial and organizational psychology
10
Q
What did John Watson believe should be the focus of psychology ?
A
Observable behavior
11
Q
What is a required component of introspection ?
A
Examining ones own perception and thoughts
12
Q
What is Introspection ?
A
Method of self reporting. Careful systemic self oberseveration of ones own perception and thoughts.
Used by structuralist to identify the basic elements of the human mind.
13
Q
Which Schools of Psychology beleives people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personally growth and that we have free will?
A
Humanism
14
Q
Which pioneering female psycholist did important work on children’s intelligence and was influential in debunking some of the theories which explain why women where inferior to men ?
A
Leta Hollingsworth
15
Q
What type of psychologist is Maslow?
A
Humanistic
16
Q
What type of psychologist is Watson?
A
Behavioralist
17
Q
What type of psychologist is Freud?
A
Psychoanalyst
18
Q
What type of psychologist is Skinner?
A
Behavioralist
19
Q
What type of psychologist is Roger’s ?
A
Humanistic
20
Q
What type of psychologist is William Wundt ?
A
Structuralist
21
Q
What type of psychologist is William James?
A
Functionalist
22
Q
What type of psychologist is Donald Hebb?
A
Neuropsychologist
23
Q
What type of psychologist is Martin Seligman ?
A
Positive Psychologist
24
Q
What type of psychologist is G. Stanley Hall?
A
Developmental and Educational Psychologists
25
What research method did structuralist use to identify the basic elements of the human mind?
Introspection
26
The Organization of Behavior was a book published that provided an intergrative approach to psychology. What did the research study?
Brain mechanism and behavior
27
When a reasercher trains her stundents, which skill is she emphasizing ?
Critical thinking
28
A group home for adolescent used specifics rewards and consequences to shape behavior. What branch of psychology is this approach based on ?
Behaviorism
29
What type of psychologist would study the attitudes of men and women towards traditional sex roles ?
A social psychologist
30
What type of psychologist would hypthesize that men and women have sublime differences in cognition because historically men and women have different roles and challenges and led to different traits and abilities being adaptive for men and women?
Evolutionary psychologist
31
A psychologist believes that a lot can be learned from dream analysis. What does this statement identify with?
Psychoanalysis
32
If you normally use a knife, fork and spoon to eat dinner. What does this reflect?
Cultural heritage
33
You are an undergraduate, you are using positive reinforments to help your aging rats become more active. What psychologist strategy is most influenced by this approach?
B.F Skinner
34
What is the basic premise of evolutionary psychology?
It examines how psychological processes like natural selection favors behaviors that enchanted organisms reproductive success.
35
What do researchers use to determine whether the observers difference between the 2 groups in the study was large enough to support the hypothesis?
Inferential statistics
36
What are the 3 goals of the scientific enterprise ?
1. Measurement and description
2. Understanding the prediction
3. Application and control
37
During which stage of the scientific method would a researcher provide data to the general public?
Reporting the findings
38
What are the 5 steps in the scientific method ?
1. Formulate a testable hypothesis
2. Select the research method and design the study
3. Collect the data
4. Analyze the data and draw the conclusions
5. Report the findings
39
For which might a researcher employ a number of techniques such as interviews, direct observation and psychological testing?
Case study
40
When are animals used in psychological research?
Animals are used in research if there is evidence that the results will benefit both humans and animals
41
What does a researcher do when conducting an experiment ?
Manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of where there are changes in a second variable as a result.
42
What are the 3 types of variables in an experiment ?
1. Independent
2. Dependent
3. Extraneous
43
What is a condition or event that an experiment varies in order to see its impact on another variable?
Independent variable
44
What is a thought to be affected by manipulation in an experiment ?
Dependent variable
45
What is any other variable that seems likely to influence the dependent variable in a study?
Extraneous variable
46
What is the term for the most frequent score in a distribution ?
Mode
47
What is a theory ?
A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
48
What is the term that describes where a researchers expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results of the study?
Experimenter bias
49
In scientific research, what is the result called when particpaicnts expectations lead them to experience some change event though they recieved an empty, face rot ineffectual treatment ?
Placebo effect
50
In which section of a journal would you find the hypotheses for a research study?
Introduction
51
What is the score that falls exactly in the distribution of scores?
Median
52
What is the arithmetic average of the scores in the distribution ?
Mean
53
You are conducting a study to determine where their there are IQ differences between people who go to private school and people who go to public school. Which data collection techniques should you use?
Psychological tests
54
If you were designing a study that would be run online. The data collected is done from people you have never meet, what research flaw would be minimized by this approach?
Experimenter bias
55
You are a researcher who measures blood alcohol level to detainees intoxication. In this example how is “blood alcohol level” being used?
Operational definition
56
You predict that people who have received bas news will seek out other people because “misery loves company”. What term characterizes this prediction about the behavior of people?
Hypothesis
57
Your midterm scare falls at the 10th percentile. How many classmanted scored the same or lower than yourself ?
10 %
58
You believe that people who are under stress will get more cold than people who are not under stress. You select 10 people and exposed them to stress. You found that 9 out of 10 people go colds. What is the critical piece of missing from this experiment ?
Control group: a group that is not being exposed to stress.
59
You believe that in order to understand completely such complex’s process as taste it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival not elementary comments that combine to produce taste sensations. What view is this thought process consistent with?
Functionalist
60
You colleague has found that many Asians feel uncomfortable with the expression of emotions. As consequence, he has made several suggestions for ways in which psychological counseling can be modified to benefit people form Asian background. Based on this information what is your colleague investigating ?
The role of cultural factors in psychological processes
61
You believe that the world is overweight and you think that it may be due to an innate orefence for foods that are high in sugar. You suggest that in times where food is not so readily available the innate presences would ensure sufficient calories for energy and survival. What view is this consistent with?
Evolutionary perspective
62
What do psychoabaltic theory and behaviorism theory have in common ?
The implication that people are not master of their own destines
63
What was a major controversy of Freud ideas?
Focus on sexual motivation
64
What was a major controversy of Skinners ideas?
Suggestion that free will is an illusion
65
What are 2 data techniques that are most likely to involve direct contact between the researcher and the research participant ?
Direct observation
Interviews
66
You travel to the office of B.F.Skinner. You ask him how he thinks you can stop your bad habits of biting your nails. What does he suggest you do?
Reward yourself every time you make it a week without biting your nails
67
What psycholist used the statement, “And how did that make you feel” ?
Wilhelm Wundt
68
What do structuralism and functionalism have in common ?
Systematic observation
69
Individuals who get a Ph.D in psychology will most likely be employed in ?
The private sector
70
You book an appointment to discuss career counseling. What does this psychologist specialize in?
Counseling psychology
71
Your research is investaging how subjective feelings of fear activate the auto optic nervous system. What are of contemporary psychology do you belong to?
Physiological psychology
72
While conducting your research you methods where empirical in nature? The conclusions you made were based on?
Observation
73
You are completing a project that is exploring the difference between transformational leadership and ethical leadership on the well being of employees in the workplace. What stream of psychology is this research ?
Industrial/organizational
74
You are studying the action of neurotransmitters in the plasterer Centre of the brain? Are area of psychology are you in?
Biological
75
You have a Ph.D who is studying the mental processes of students abilities to use new math problems. What approach in psychology are you using?
Cognitive
76
You are studying the psychological effects of shiny and fat shaming when the indivudal hears in person and experiences in via social media. What stream of psychology are you in?
Applied social
77
You are compiling a reader h project on the effects of child eyewitness testimony on jury decision making. What area of psychology are you studying?
Forensic
78
What are the 3 rules Wundt’s created for proper use of introspection?
1. Observer must be in a state of “strained attention”
2. Observer must be able to repeat several times
3. The stimuli must be manipulable
79
What was Titchner’s rule for introspection use?
Subjects could not use common rules
80
Where was the first lab created for the study of psychology? By whom?
In 1879, university of Leipzig
William Wundt’s
81
Why is Watson propose to abandon the study of consciousness?
Believed that the focus should be on behaviors that could be observed directly.
Mental processes can not be studeied using the scientific method
82
What was the Nature vs Nurture issue with Watson and Animal research?
Watson beielved that a person is made, not born, meaning behavior is governed by the enviroment.
Animals where used in testing because they were easier to control
83
What was the major issue Humaist had with the behaviorist school of thought ?
Behaviorist suggested that humans were no different than animals.
Research was heavily done on animals. Animals did not display behaviors comparable to human psychological disorder.
84
What was B.F. Skinners fundamental Principle?
Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
Organism tend not to repeat responses that lead to negative outcomes.
85
What are the 2 recent trends that reflect psychology’s return to its intellectual roots?
1. Cognition (consciousness)
Process involved with acquiring knowledge
2. Physiology
Bases of behavior focus on neuroscience
86
What are the 3 important considerations when designing a program to study?
1. Set up a study schedule
2. Find a place to study that is quite and conformable and has minimal distractions so you can concentrate
3. Reward your studying
87
How did behaviorism alter the course of Psychology?
Broke from the school of thought of the consciousness to observed behaviors.
88
How did cognitivist perspective differ from that of Behavioralist ?
They actively tried to examine internal mental processes and how they contribute to behavior
89
What are the 2 advantages of the Scientific Approach?
1. Clarify and precision
2. Relative intolerance of errors
90
What is the subject who recieve some special treatment in regard to the independent variable ?
Experimental group
91
Who are the subjects who do not recieve any special treatment in an experiment ?
Control group
92
What is the term for Pepe tuition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated ?
Replication
93
What are the 4 common flaws in research?
1. Sampling Bias
2. Placebo effects
3. Distortion in self reporting data
4. Experimenter bias
94
What is the term for a research stragtegy in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know which participants are in the experimental or control group ?
Double blind procedure
95
What consist of personal stories about specific incidents and expereinces ?
Anecdotal evidence
96
What allows for researchers to draw conclusions on their data?
Inferential Stats
97
What summarizes the main creatures of a data set?
Descriptive stats
98
Why might deception be used in a research study?
To study important issues that could bot be studied if participants were not misled.
