Unit 1 - Neonate 2

Question 1

What level of IgG/L is considered quality colostrum?

Answer 1

> 50g IgG/L

Question 2

At what age does calf scours typically occur?

Answer 2

In calves less than 30 days of age

Question 3

What clinical signs are associated with calf scours?

Answer 3

Acute, profuse watery diarrhea, progressive dehydration, and acidosis

Question 4

What can happen if calf scours goes untreated?

Answer 4

Death

Question 5

What pathogens are responsible for causing calf scours?

Answer 5

E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, and cryptosporidium

Question 6

What components are important in determining sepsis scores?

Answer 6

Failure of passive transfer, level of dehydration, attitude, diarrhea, scleral injection, and localized infection

Question 7

What can be used to estimate dehydration in a calf?

Answer 7

Degree eyeball recession, skin tent duration, mucous membrane appearance and CRT, changes in body weight, and urine production

Question 8

What signs are indicative of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 8

CNS depression, weakness, ataxia, and reduced suckle

Question 9

What are the mechanisms of HCO3 loss in calves?

Answer 9

Fecal loss, severe dehydration and reduced GFR, and unidentified organic acids

Question 10

What does a sluggish or absent palpebral reflex suggest in a calf?

Answer 10

There is D-lactate acidosis

Question 11

What are the goals of treating calf diarrhea?

Answer 11

Correct free water and electrolyte abnormalities, correct acid-base deficits, provide nutritional support, and eliminate and/or prevent bacteremia

Question 12

What are the important factors/requirements of oral electrolyte solutions?

Answer 12

Provide enough sodium to normalize ECF volume, facilitate absorption of Na+/water, contain alkalinizing agent, and provide energy

Question 13

What electrolyte is the principle determinant of ECF volume?

Answer 13

Sodium

Question 14

What is the recommended concentration of sodium in oral solutions?

Answer 14

90-130 mmol/L

Question 15

What is the recommended concentration of chloride in oral solutions?

Answer 15

40-80 mmol/L

Question 16

What is the recommended concentration of potassium in oral solutions?

Answer 16

10-30 mmol/L

Question 17

What other substances are in oral electrolyte solutions?

Answer 17

It can have glucose, neutral amino acids, and volatile fatty acids

Question 18

What is the osmolality of most oral electrolyte fluids?

Answer 18

280-300 mOsm/L

Question 19

What is the osmolality of hypertonic solutions?

Answer 19

700-800 mOsm/L

Question 20

When would you want to use a high osmolality solution (like hypertonic saline)?

Answer 20

In cases of osmotic diarrhea, slow abomasal emptying, ileus, bloat, and abomasitis

Question 21

What do we need to provide in our acidotic agents?

Answer 21

An alkalinizing agent

Question 22

What is the recommended administration protocol for oral electrolyte solutions and normal milk?

Answer 22

Alternate feeding milk and OES every 6-8 hours

Question 23

When is IV fluid therapy recommended in calves?

Answer 23

If there is moderate (>8%) dehydration, severe CNS depression, weakness, inability to stand, anorexia for >24 hours, hypothermia, and/or rapidly progressing dehydration and profuse diarrhea

Question 24

What are the goals to IV fluid therapy?

Answer 24

Correct:
ECF dehydration and circulating blood volume
CNS depression and restore suckle
Metabolic acidosis
Electrolyte abnormalities
Energy deficit

And decrease D-lactate

Question 25

How do you make isotonic solution (1.3%) at home? | 4.2%? 5%? 8.4% (hypertonic)?

Answer 25

13g of NaHCO3 (baking soda) in 1 L of water 42 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water 50 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water 84 g NaHCO3 in 1L of water

Question 26

What is the recommended bolus rate for 8.4% hypertonic solution?

Answer 26

5 ml/kg over 5 minutes

Question 27

Why may you not want to use LRS in calves to treat metabolic acidosis?

Answer 27

It is a mixture of L and D-lactate so you could be worsening the acidosis

Question 28

What should administration of hypertonic saline be accompanied by?

Answer 28

IV isotonic sodium bicarbonate and/or oral alkalinizing solutions

Question 29

If you give hypertonic saline alone what does it treat?

Answer 29

dehydration but it does not correct metabolic acidosis

Question 30

How do you calculate replacement fluid?

Answer 30

% dehydration x BW (kg)

Question 31

What is the recommended maintenance rate for IV fluids (per day)?

Answer 31

60-80 mL/kg/day

Question 32

How do you calculate how much bicarbonate to give?

Answer 32

0.6 x BW (kg) x estimated base defecit

Question 33

What is the shock dose (rate) of crystalloids?

Answer 33

80-90 mL/kg/hr

Question 34

What is the administration rate of hyperosmotic solutions?

Answer 34

1 mL/kg/min

Question 35

What is the administration rate of K that you should never exceed?

Answer 35

0.5 mEq K/kg/h

Question 36

Where is the best spot for an IV catheter in a cow?

Answer 36

Jugular

Question 37

What processes are evidence of SIRS and risk of septicemia/bacteremia?

Answer 37

``` Failure of passive transfer Abnormal neutrophil count Presence of cytotoxic changes Increased fibrinogen Thrombocytopenia in severe cases Abnormal coagulation parameters Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia Metabolic acidosis Hypoxemia and hypoventiilation ```

Question 38

If a calf is sick enough for IV fluids, _____ are probably indicated?

Answer 38

antibiotics

Question 39

Rank these antibiotic routes from best to worst option: IV, oral, parenteral, and IM/SC

Answer 39

Parenteral > oral;IV > IM/SC

Question 40

Are bactericidal or bacteriostatic antibiotics preferred in calves?

Answer 40

bactericidal

Question 41

If your using an antibiotic primarily in diarrhea, how/ where do you want them to be excreted?

Answer 41

active form in bile

Question 42

What is the preferred abx class for calves?

Answer 42

Beta-lactams - she likes ampicillin

Question 43

Why are analgesics and anti-inflammatories used in calves diarrhea and other ailments?

Answer 43

Control abdominal pain, decrease GIT inflammation, and anti-endotoxin

Question 44

What analgesics and anti-inflammatories are used in calves?

Answer 44

Meloxicam and flunixin meglumine

Question 45

The use of plasma is often reserved for what calves?

Answer 45

very valuable calves

Question 46

What calves would value from fresh blood transfusions?

Answer 46

Calves that are septic

Question 47

Why would you do a CSF tap in a calf?

Answer 47

If you are suspicious for meningitis

Question 48

Where anatomically is a CSF tap done in calves?

Answer 48

in the lumbosacral region

Question 49

True or False: Meningitis has a very poor prognosis.

Answer 49

True - the mortality rate is 100%

Question 50

If you have joint swelling, what is the recommended steps to take in sampling and healing of the issue?

Answer 50

Tap the joint Do gross and cytology on the fluid Regional limb perfusion with antibiotics, joint lavage, and arthrotomy/arthroscopy

Question 51

What structures can be infected in cases of umbilical infections?

Answer 51

urachus, umbilical arteries, and umbilical vein

Question 52

What is the recommended treatment for umbilical abscesses?

Answer 52

Lance and drain, parenteral antibiotics | Surgical removal if needed

Question 53

What can a patent urachus be a source of?

Answer 53

potential sepsis