Unit 2 - Forestomach and Abomasum Part 1

Question 1

What is auscultation?

Answer 1

Just listening

Question 2

What is percussion?

Answer 2

Pinging the abdomen

Question 3

What is ballotment?

Answer 3

Pushing into the abdomen with a fist or a knee and feeling for a fluid wave, fetus, or something else

Question 4

What is succussion?

Answer 4

Listening and percussion of the abdomen

Question 5

What is on the left side of the cows abdomen?

Answer 5

Rumen, spleen, reticulum, abomasum, and superficial wall of the greater omentum

Question 6

What is on the right side of the cows abdomen?

Answer 6

Proximal loop of ascending colon, cecum, jejunum, superficial wall of greater omentum, abomasum, reticulum, omasum, lesser omentum, gall bladder, right lobe of liver, caudate process of caudate lobe of liver, right kidney, descending colon, and descending duodenum

Question 7

Describe the difference between a pear shaped abdomen and an apple shaped abdomen.

Answer 7

An apple shaped abdomen is enlarged on the dorsal side (typically on the left)
A pear shaped abdomen is enlarged on the ventral side

Question 8

What are the layers of stratification in the rumen (bottom to top)?

Answer 8

Fluid, fine particles
Doughy, course roughage
Free gas

Question 9

What is the purpose of the primary rumen contractions?

Answer 9

mixing of the ingesta

Question 10

What is the purpose of the secondary rumen contractions?

Answer 10

eructation

Question 11

How many contractions should the rumen have per 2 minutes?

Answer 11

2-3 contractions

Question 12

What is the normal response to a withers pinch?

Answer 12

The cow will ventroflex - if shes in pain she won’t move

Question 13

When using a speculum to try to empty the rumen of a cow, how do you measure it?

Answer 13

Measure from the opening of the mouth to the canthus of the eye with the hard tube - that is how deep you will go

Question 14

How do you perform a rumenocentesis?

Answer 14

At the level of the stifle, draw a line forward. Poke about 2 inches caudal from the last rib

Question 15

What are the components of rumen fluid analysis (i.e. what is all looked at)?

Answer 15

Color, smell, viscosity, pH, methylene blue reduction, and chloride level

Question 16

What is the approach for an abdominocentesis in a cow?

Answer 16

Use the quadrant approach - take a sample from the lower right quadrant

Question 17

What should you evaluate in your abdominal fluid sample?

Answer 17

WBC and differential count, total protein, L-lactate, and glucose

Question 18

What findings are abnormal in an abdominocentesis analysis?

Answer 18

TNCC > 6000 cells/ul
TP > 3g/dL
>40% neutrophils, <10% eosinophils
Glucose < 30mg/dL, pH <7.3

Question 19

What shape is the reticulum on ultrasound?

Answer 19

half-moon

Question 20

Where is the reticulum located on ultrasound?

Answer 20

Immediately caudal to the diaphragm and along the ventral abdominal wall

Question 21

What will you see in the reticulum on ultrasound?

Answer 21

Nothing - it will be gas

Question 22

What is the normal motility in the reticulum on ultrasound?

Answer 22

3 biphasic contractions over 3 minutes

Question 23

Where is a really good spot to look for hardware disease on ultrasound?

Answer 23

The reticulum

Question 24

The spleen lives on the ___ side of the body.

Answer 24

left

Question 25

What is the shape of the omasum on ultrasound?

Answer 25

It is crescent shaped with a hyperechoic thick line

Question 26

Where is a good spot to visualize the omasum on ultrasound?

Answer 26

On the right side in between the 6th and 11th ICS | It is closest to the body wall at the 9th ICS

Question 27

T/F: There is no apparent motility of the omasum in health

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Why can you not visualize the laminae in the omasum on ultrasound?

Answer 28

Intraluminal gas

Question 29

Where is the liver visualized via ultrasound?

Answer 29

It is located on the right body wall from about the last rib to the 5th ICS

Question 30

What components of the liver should you be able to see via ultrasound?

Answer 30

Portal vein, caudal vena cava and hepatic veins, and gallbladder

Question 31

Where is the abomasum visualized via ultrasound?

Answer 31

It is 10 cm caudal to the xiphoid in the R and L paramedian area and ventral midline - it is more situated to the right of midline

Question 32

What does the abomasum look like on ultrasound?

Answer 32

The wall is a thin echogenic line, the contents are heterogenous with stippling, and you will occasionally see folds

Question 33

What does the pylorus of the abomasum look like on ultrasound?

Answer 33

A spoke wheel appearance

Question 34

T/F: You can see abomasal abscesses on ultrasound

Answer 34

False

Question 35

Where can cross-sections through the loops of the jejunum be visualized via ultrasound?

Answer 35

on the right flank

Question 36

What is used to anesthetize the paralumbar fossa?

Answer 36

2% lidocaine or 2% lidocaine with epinephrine

Question 37

What are the toxic doses of lidocaine in cattle and small ruminants (her #s)?

Answer 37

10 mg/kg in cattle | 5 mg/kg in small ruminants

Question 38

What does the paralumbar fossa block?

Answer 38

Nerves T13, L1, and L2

Question 39

What are the landmarks for the proximal paravertebral nerve block?

Answer 39

L1, L2, and L3 Feel for the dorsal processes with your thumb, then find the transverse processes. Fan in front of transverse

Question 40

What are the landmarks for the distal paravertebral nerve block?

Answer 40

L1, L2 and L4 | Feel the transverse process and walk off the top and bottom

Question 41

What are the layers that need to be cut through when you are doing an incision into the paralumbar fossa?

Answer 41

``` External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Transverse abdominal (thinnest) Peritoneum ```

Question 42

What is the holding layer for the paralumbar fossa incision?

Answer 42

the external abdominal oblique

Question 43

How should the peritoneum, transversus, and internal abdominal oblique closed at the paralumbar fossa?

Answer 43

PDS with a simple continuous

Question 44

How should the external abdominal oblique be closed at the paralumbar fossa?

Answer 44

PDS with a simple continuous

Question 45

How should you close the skin of a paralumbar fossa incision?

Answer 45

Ford interlocking, continuous, or cruciate will suffice You should place a cruciate or a couple of simple interrupted at the ventral portion of the incision in the case that there may be a seroma - you can just open it then

Question 46

What are the indications for a rumenotomy (rumenostomy)?

Answer 46

Removal of rumen contents Vagal indigestions Enteral nutrition Blow holes for chronic bloats

Question 47

Before opening the rumen during surgery, what must you make sure to do? Why?

Answer 47

Make sure to explore the abdomen before you open the rumen because this will become a clean contaminated surgery as soon as you open the rumen.