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LA Clinical Medicine > Unit 2 - Abomasal Ulcers, HBS, & Peritonitis > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Abomasal Ulcers, HBS, & Peritonitis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a type I abomasal ulcer?

A

Non-penetrating (sub/non-clinical)

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2
Q

What is a type II abomasal ulcer?

A

Ulcers with profuse intraluminal hemorrhage

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3
Q

What is a type III abomasal ulcer?

A

Perforation with localized peritonitis

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4
Q

What is ta type IV abomasal ulcer?

A

Perforation with generalized peritonitis

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5
Q

What cattle are at risk for abomasal ulcers?

A

High producing dairy cattle, feedlot cattle, veal calves, beef calves

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6
Q

What clinical signs are associated with type II abomasal ulcers that are not associated with tumors?

A

Melena, anemia, PCV <25%, colic, and acute death

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7
Q

What clinical signs are associated with type II abomasal ulcers that are associated with lymphoma?

A

Abomasal displacement. anorexia, intraluminal hemorrhage, dark loose stool, pale mucous membranes

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8
Q

What are the other predilection sites for lymphoma?

A

Heart, abomasum, uterus, lymph nodes, and spine

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9
Q

What are 2 forms of type III and IV ulcers?

A

Slow perforations and covered my omentum - localized

Acute perforations and no omental covering - generalized

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10
Q

What clinical signs are associated with type III and IV ulcers?

A

Anorexia, ruminal stasis, distention, abdominal pain, melena, loose/scant feces, and loss of body condition

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11
Q

What diagnostic technique will you use in the case of a type III and IV ulcer to demonstrate peritonitis?

A

abdominocentesis

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12
Q

In the case of a type III or IV ulcer, what will you ultrasound for?

A

Fibrin, effusion, and abscesses

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13
Q

What will you see on clin path for a patient with a type III or IV ulcer?

A

Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and left shift

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14
Q

How are abomasal ulcers treated?

A 
Reduce stresses
Treat concurrent diseases
Address dietary issues if present
Blood transfusions may be necessary
Broad-spectrum abx in peritonitis cases
Anti-ulcer medications
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15
Q

What anti-ulcer medications can be used for abomasal ulcer treatment?

A

Antacid - Mg hydroxide
H2 antagonists - cimetidine, ranitidine
PPI - omeprazole (calves), pantoprazole

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16
Q

What are other names for bovine lymphoma?

A

Bovine leukosis, enzootic lymphosarcoma, bovine lymphosarcoma, BLV-associated lymphoma

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of bovine lymphoma?

A

Bovine leukemia virus

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18
Q

What type of virus is the bovine leukemia virus?

A

An RNA virus that carries RNA reverse transcriptase complex

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19
Q

What cell population does BLV affect?

A

The B lymphocyte population

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20
Q

BLV viremia is detectible during the first ___ weeks of infection. Development of serological response occurs __-__ weeks after infection. ______ for BLV are lifelong. BLV can cause the development of persistent ______ and/or ______.

A 
2
2-8
antibodies
lymphocytosis
lymphosarcoma
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21
Q

T/F: Infection of BLV means that lymphoma will develop.

A

False - lymphoma can develop without infection with BLV (although rare). Lymphoma is found in <5% of BLV-infected cattle

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22
Q

____% of infected animals develop persistent lymphocytosis

A

30

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23
Q

What is the normal lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio?

A

2:1

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24
Q

BLV spreads (slow/fast) within herds. Seropositive animals may reach ___% within a herd. (Dairy/Beef) cattle have a higher incidence of BLV.

A

Slow spread
80%
Dairy - dairy also have a higher incidence of developing lymphoma

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25
How is BLV transmitted (general)?
Horizontal and vertical (transplacental)
26
How is BLV transmitted horizontally?
Iatrogenic, in-contact animals, milk/colostrum, and blood (transfusions/insects)
27
What are the four possible outcomes associated with BLV contact?
1. Failure to become infected 2. Establishment of permanent infection and development of detectable antibody titers 3. Establishment of permanent infection and a persistent benign lymphocytosis 4. Development of malignant lymphosarcoma with or without persistent lymphocytosis
28
When is the incidence of development of malignant lymphosarcoma increased?
Around 5-8 years of age
29
What is the most common presentation of BLV?
Sub-acute/chronic
30
What are the clinical signs of peracute BLV?
rupture of abomasal ulcer/spleen
31
What are the clinical signs of sub-acute/chronic BLV?
Loss of condition, anorexia, pallor, muscle weakness, and drop in production
32
Once signs are evident, what is the course of disease caused by BLV?
2-3 weeks
33
Lymphosarcoma should be a differential when you have what 2 clinical signs?
posterior paresis and exophthalmos
34
What necropsy findings are associated with BLV?
Tumors dispersed at the heart, uterus, lymph node, abomasum, and spine (HULAS) Tumors enclosed in capsular like tissue Cut surface bulges slightly; cream-colored and friable; central necrosis may be present
35
What provides a definitive diagnosis of BLV?
Histopath
36
Ulcers that don't bleed do what?
perforate
37
Ulcers that don't perforate do what?
bleed
38
What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS)?
An acute enteric disease where there is segmental intraluminal hemorrhage and subsequent obstruction of the small intestine
39
T/F: HBS is more common in beef cattle
False - its them dairy bois
40
What is the case fatality rate for HBS?
>85%
41
What are the speculated causes of HBS?
Multifactorial - C. perfringens type A and Aspergillus fumigatus
42
How can C. perfringens type A cause HBS?
The alpha and beta 2 toxin cause cleavage of phospholipids and outer cell membranes. This results in a disruption of the microvasculature, uncontrolled bleeding, and impaired mucosal permeability
43
What are the risk factors for HBS?
Dairy Early lactation Second lactation or higher Nutritional factors
44
What nutritional factors are risk factors for HBS?
``` High energy, low fiber Silage TMRs (total mixed rations) Readily digestible CHO - delivers to SI 'Bloom' of C. perfringens for unknown reason ```
45
What clinical signs are associated with HBS?
Massive hemorrhage and severe toxemia Rapid progression - dead or down and dying Depression, anorexia, and agalactia Lack of manure production
46
What PE findings will you find in a patient with HBS?
Cool extremities, hypothermia Right sided ping, fluid splashing on ballottement of R caudal abdomen Black berry jam or bloody clots Abdominal distension
47
What will you find on CBC and serum chemistry in a patient with HBS?
Leukocytosis and neutrophilia +/- left shift Hemoconcentration Elevated BUN Elevated liver enzymes Hyperglycemia Metabolic alkalosis - hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia
48
What is the prognosis for HBS?
Regardless of therapy method it is guarded
49
T/F: HBS surgical therapy has a higher survival rate over medical therapy alone
True
50
What is the preferred surgical technique for HBS?
manual breakdown/massage >> enterotomy
51
What medical therapy is recommended for HBS?
Penicillin, C perfringens type C and D antitoxin, aggressive IV fluids, NSAIDs (flunixin), and lidocaine CRI at the equine dosage
52
What are the classifications of peritonitis?
Acute vs. chronic Septic vs. chemical Localized vs. generalized Primary vs. secondary
53
What can cause peritonitis?
Traumatic perforation, visceral rupture, abscess formation and spread/rupture, iatrogenic, and miscellaneous
54
Peritonitis can cause a various degree of _____ pain, altered GI ______, progressive _________, septicemia, and ___toxemia
abdominal motility hypovolemia endotoxemia
55
What type of response is peritonitis?
inflammatory
56
Peritonitis causes altered ______.
permeability - this results in 'leakage'
57
What clinical signs are associated with peritonitis?
Colic signs GI stasis, abdominal distension Reduced manure output (acute), diarrhea (chronic) Cranial abdominal pain (reluctance to move)
58
What ancillary tests are useful for cases of supsected peritonitis?
CBC, abdominocentesis, and ultrasound
59
What abnormalities will be on the CBC in a patient with peritonitis?
Neutropenia (should this be philia...?) with left shift NEutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogemia Hemoconcentration
60
What will your abdominocentesis concentrations be in a patient with peritonitis?
Increased protein, neutrophil, and bacteria
61
How is peritonitis treated?
Antibiotics - broad-spectrum (beta-lactams, tetracyclines) NSAIDs Fluid therapy Plasma and/or whole blood transfusions (preferred) Transfaunation
62
Is drainage recommended in cases of peritonitis?
If there is an identifiable and accessible abscess then yes
63
Why is surgical lavage not recommended for peritonitis in cattle?
You run the risk of spreading infection within the abdomen, you can damage the antibiotics, and there is no advantage to adding abx

LA Clinical Medicine (33 decks)

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