Unit 4 - Enteric Flashcards by Jessica Carson

What can cause a sow to be off of feed for 1.5-2 days?

Room temperature is not 65 F
Wetting feed
Provide starter feed
Vitamin B12 injection
Exercise
Check body temperature

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Mastitis metritis agalactia the garbage can diagnosis for what?

Sows that are off-feed, febrile, and not milking well +/- specific signs

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How do sows with mastitis present?

They have warm, enlarged, and sensitive glands
The sow lies on belly and off-feed
The respective piglets are hungry, gant, and may have diarrhea

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Constipation is a prolonged period without defecation. When does it typically occur?

24-36 hours after farrowing

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What should be done to aid in identifying constipated sows?

Remove feces from behind the sow at farrowing

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How can you relieve or prevent constipation?

Exercise, feeding, manual removal, soap enema, and laxatives

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What are important things to know about colostrum in pigs?

Both quality and quantity count
Birth to suckle time is critical
Length of labor matters

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What is our job in regards to colostrum?

Maximize individual and litter intake
Intervene if labor is prolonged
Ensure effective cross fostering

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T/F: 6 hours post partum milk and serum colostrum serum levels should be equal, 48 hours later serum colostrum levels will be higher than milk

True

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How soon should piglets get colostrum?

6 hours

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How long is the average time to first suckle?

29 +/- 2 minutes

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Aside from immunity, what other roles does colostrum play?

It provides energy, intestinal physiology, and can increase absorptive capabilities

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What antibody is in colostrum?

IgG

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How is IgG from colostrum absorbed??

Systemically

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What antibody is always present in milk?

IgA

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How long is IgA from milk protective?

As long as a pig nurses

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What are the ddx for neonatal diarrhea?

E. coli
Rotavirus
TGE
PED and/or Porcine Delta Coronavirus
Coccidiosis
Clostridium perfringens c and A
Clostridoides difficile

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What is the etiologic agent for coccidiosis in swien?

Cystoisospora suis

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What is the minimum age for coccidiosis to occur?

5 days

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T/F: Marquis is the only approve treatment for coccidiosis in swine.

False - There are no approved treatments, but marquis has proven successful

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What is the etiologic agent of Rot gut?

Clostrdium perfringens

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Acutely, what does C. perfringens cause?

Bloody diarrhea

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Chronically, what does C. perfringens cause?

Rope gut

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What ddx should be considered with C. perfringens?

coccidiosis

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How is C. perfringens prevented?

Vaccination pre-farrow | Feed sows BMD 14 days pre-farrow and lactation

The incidence of Clostridioides difficile is associated with what?

Antibiotic use

How do you treat C. difficile?

Discontinue antibiotics to re-establish normal microbial flora

In general, how is neonatal diarrhea treated?

Treat the baby pigs - the entire litter Be aggressive Keep the temperature comfortable so that they do not get cold

How is neonatal diarrhea preveneted?

Focus on the sows - vaccination or oral feedback

Classic post weaning diarrhea is caused by what?

E. coli

Pre-wean diarrhea is (non-hemolytic, hemolytic). Post-wean diarrhea is (non-hemolytic, hemolytic).

Non-hemolytic | Hemolytic

What is the most common antigen type of E. coli associated with post weaning diarrhea in the US? When does it show up (age wise)?

F18 - 21 days of age

What ddx need to be considered with post weaning diarrhea?

Endemic TGE or PED or Porcine Delta Coronavirus

Historically post weaning diarrhea occurs when? Now when does it occur?

Historically - right after weaning | Now - 2-3 weeks into the nursery

What are the enterotoxins that E. coli produces?

STa, STb, LT, and Stx2e

Edema disease is caused by what?

E. coli - Stx2e toxins specifically (systemic effects)

How is edema disease diagnosed?

PCR - pilli, adhesions, toxins

What systems is post weaning diarrhea a major problem in?

Large systems

What can predispose pigs to post-weaning diarrhea?

``` Chilling Poor diet quality Changes in feed and medication Poor sanitation Change in feeding mats ```

How is post-weaning diarrhea treated?

Oral medication

What are the rule outs for post weaning diarrhea?

Carry over - Coccidiosis, Rotavirus | Endemic TGE/PED

How is post weaning diarrhea prevented?

``` Environment Sanitation Vaccination Feed Antibiotics ```

What causes ileitis in swine?

Lawsonia intracellularis

What is ileitis also known as?

Porcine proliferative enteropathy

What are the three main forms of porcine proliferative enteropathy?

Porcine intestinal adenomatosis Necrotic form Acute hemorrhagic form

What form of porcine proliferative enteropathy is associated with sudden death?

The acute hemorrhagic form

What clinical signs are associated with ileitis?

Poor doing pig Diarrhea - orange tinge suggestive of partially digested blood Increased number of cull or light weight pigs

Why are pigs with ileitis poor doing?

Due to mal-absorption and/or a protein losing enteropathy

What antibiotics work for treatment of ileitis?

Tylosin, Tiamulin, Lincomycin, and Carbadox

What antibiotics are used to treat the acute hemorrhagic form of ileitis?

Tylosin and Tiamulin

How is ileitis controlled?

MLV product or a killed vaccine

T/F: Timing and handling of the Lawsonia vaccine is critical

True

How is ileitis treated?

Vaccination | Prevention through antibiotics

What is the etiologic agent of swine dystentery?

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

What are the characteristics of swine dysentery?

Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, marked inflammation, large intestine only

What population is swine dysentery found in?

Grow finishing pigs

How is swine dysentery prevented?

RODENT CONTROL Negative replacement stock Wean < 21 days

How is swine dysentery treated?

Medication, sanitation, rodent control

What primarily causes salmonellosis?

Salmonella cholerasuis

What other Salmonella species can cause diarrhea?

Salmonella typhimurium

What often induces Salmonellosis?

Stress or poor environment

What clinical signs are associated with salmonellosis?

Severe lethargy +/- fever Purple discoloration of ears and belly - septicemia Diarrhea +/- blood Pneumonia

What lesions are associated with salmonellosis?

``` PNEUMONIA (wet lungs) Splenomegaly Inflamed intestine Button ulcers on mucosal surface (especially in colon) Hemorrhagic lymph nodes ```

How is salmonellosis diagnosed?

Via culture

How is salmonellosis controlled?

Vaccination against S. cholerasuis +/- S. typhimurium | Control (primary focus)

Do MLV or killed vaccines against salmonella have a higher efficacy?

MLV

How is salmonellosis treated?

Vaccination Antibiotics Sanitation

What is hemorrhagic bowl syndrome?

Consistent clinical signs and/or lesions, but the cause is unknown

What is the common presentation of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Older (>150 lb) finishing pigs found dead +/- a bloated abdomen

What post-mortem lesions are associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

Uniform hemorrhagic appearance of the entire gut or small intestines only Lumen content hemorrhagic and not clotting No palpable volvulus of the mesenteric root

When do gastric ulcers occur?

Pigs will start of develop erosions of the non-glandular portion of the stomach within 24-48 hours of feed removal

T/F: Gastric ulcer erosion can vary from superficial to complete penetrating

True

What do acute cases of gastric ulcers look like?

A pig is found dead with a large blood clot in the stomach | Anemic - very pale

What do subacute cases of gastric ulcers look like?

Pig found dead or live but very sick with blood in small intestine but no inflammation of intestine

What do chronic cases of gastric ulcers look like?

Guant pig with black, tarry looking stool | Pale appearance - anemia

What lesions are associated with gastric ulcers?

Non-glandular portion of the stomach where the esophagus enters is eroded

What does perforation of gastric ulcers result in?

Local or generalized peritonitis

What can predispose pigs to gastric ulcers?

Other diseases that cause reduced appetite Feed is not available Fine grind to corn Pellet diets

Gastric ulcers are a common cause of what groups mortality?

End stage finisher mortality

What is the whipworm species that affects swine?

Trichuris suis

Where do whipworms live?

In the large intestine and cecum

What clinical signs are associated with whipworms?

Diarrhea +/- blood | Poor doing pigs

What pre-disposes pigs to whipworms?

Dirt lot environment | Low protein diets

What treatment is not recommended for whipworms?

Avermectins

T/F: Liver scars due to roundworms will heal themselves.

True and they will develop immunity

Unit 4 - Enteric Flashcards

(85 cards)