Unit 1 - Neonate 1

Question 1

What are calves at risk for?

Answer 1

Dystocia, weak and lack of vigor, acidosis and/or hypoxia, and hypothermia

Question 2

What occurs during the transition to extra-uterine life?

Answer 2

Cessation of uterine blood supply
Lung inflation, decreased pulmonary and increased systemic vascular resistance
Closure of fetal vascular routes

Question 3

When should a calf begin spontaneous and regular breathing?

Answer 3

Within 30 seconds of parturition

Question 4

What is the regular heart rate of neonate calves?

Answer 4

> 70 bpm

Question 5

True or False: Arrhythmias are not uncommon in the first hour of life.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

When should the righting reflex occur in neonate calves?

Answer 6

within 5 minutes

Question 7

When should the suckle reflex occur in neonate calves?

Answer 7

Within 20 minutes

Question 8

Do calves go into respiratory failure or cardiac arrest first?

Answer 8

Respiratory failure

Question 9

When should you intervene with resuscitation in a calf?

Answer 9

If the calf is gasping, in respiratory distress, apneic, or if they are persistently bradycardic

Question 10

What are the first steps to resuscitation in a calf?

Answer 10

Clear the airways and place into sternal position for optimal ventilation

Question 11

True or False: Dopram is recommended in apneic animals.

Answer 11

False - it is not recommended

Question 12

What are possible treatments for hypothermia in a calf?

Answer 12

Immersion, forced warm air, and heat lamps

Question 13

True or False: You should not ligate the umbilicus if you do not have to.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

If you have to manage the umbilicus, what should you do?

Answer 14

Clean with iodine or chlorhexidine and dry quickly

Question 15

What is the current acceptable amount of serum IgG in colustrum?

Answer 15

> 15g/L - you want to feed 300g of IgG

Question 16

What is the single most important management factor in determining health and survival of the neonatal calf?

Answer 16

Colostrum

Question 17

What does the amount of colostrum proved to dairy heifers significantly influence?

Answer 17

pre-pubertal growth rate

Question 18

What does colostrum contain?

Answer 18

Immunoglobulins, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, maternal leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial factors

Question 19

When is colostrum produced?

Answer 19

several weeks prior to calving

Question 20

What cow factors impact the production of colostrum?

Answer 20

Dairy vs. Beef, Age, dry period length, timely collection, mastitis, nutrition, vaccination, and environmental influences

Question 21

Does mastitis affect IgG in colostrum?

Answer 21

No, there is just a decreased volume overall

Question 22

What is the process/mechanism of ingesting colostrum?

Answer 22

Suckling leads to the closure of the esophageal groove which then delivers the colostrum to the abomasum

Question 23

How are immunoglobulins and other macromolecules absorbed into the gut?

Answer 23

Via pinocytosis

Question 24

What occurs during gut closure?

Answer 24

Loss of absorptive sites, secretion of digestive enzymes, and bacterial colonization of the gut

Question 25

When do the materal antibodies from IgG begin to wane?

Answer 25

3-4 months of age

Question 26

Where does IgA go after ingestion?

Answer 26

mucosal secretion

Question 27

Where does IgM go after ingestion?

Answer 27

Mainly into the blood

Question 28

What are the three Qs of colostrum?

Answer 28

Quality, quantity, and quickly

Question 29

What is the cut off for adequate IgG with the brix refractometer?

Answer 29

The result should be 22% or greater

Question 30

What pathogens should colostrum be free of?

Answer 30

Mycoplasma, Johne's, fecal coliforms, and Salmonella

Question 31

Why shouldn't you pool raw colostrum?

Answer 31

You can run the risk of spreading disease among calves

Question 32

What should the bacterial count level be in colostrum?

Answer 32

<100,000 CFU/mL

Question 33

What should the coliform count level be in colostrum?

Answer 33

<10,000 CFU/mL

Question 34

How long can raw colostrum be stored?

Answer 34

For approximately 2 days

Question 35

How long can pasteurized colostrum be stored?

Answer 35

8-10 days

Question 36

How long can frozen colostrum be stored?

Answer 36

Up to 1 year

Question 37

Why is pasteurizing colostrum problematic?

Answer 37

Because it can cause denaturation of immunoglobulins of up to 25-30% per batch

Question 38

When should colostrum (pasteurized or raw) be fed and how much? Note: this is in cases where you have to intervene

Answer 38

4L shortly after birth and a 2nd feeding (2L) within 6 hours

Question 39

True or False: An esophageal feeder is more valuable than a nipple bottle to deliver colostrum.

Answer 39

False - when giving the same amount of colostrum their values are equivalent

Question 40

What is the main method to monitor colostrum levels?

Answer 40

Measurement/estimation of serum (IgG)

Question 41

Aside from measurement of IgG, what can be done to monitor colostrum management?

Answer 41

Radial immunodiffusion, turbidimetric immunoassay, ELISA, sodium sulfite test, zinc sulfate trubidity test, and total protein

Question 42

What are the gold standard tests for immunoglobulin testing in colostrum management?

Answer 42

Radial immunodiffusion and turbidimetric immunoassay

Question 43

What is the goal for total protein with a refractometer when testing a herd (age 24 hours to 7 days) for adequate passive transfer?

Answer 43

80% should be > 5.5 g/dL | 90% should be >5.2 g/dL

Question 44

What is the cutoff for FPT when using a brix refractometer?

Answer 44

8.1-8.5%

Question 45

What are the 4 basic sources of IgG replacers/supplements?

Answer 45

Dried colostrum, whey proteins, bovine serum, and eggs

Question 46

The USDA regulates what is considered colostrum replacement and colostrum supplement. How much IgG/dose and nutrients must there be for a product to be considered a colostrum replacement? Colostrum supplement?

Answer 46

Replacement - > 100 IgG/dose and nutrients | Supplement - <100g IgG/dose

Question 47

Does a colostrum replacement or supplement if used a lone cause failure of passive transfer?

Answer 47

supplements

Question 48

How much fresh frozen plasma administered to calves?

Answer 48

20-40 ml/kg so approximately 1-2L

Question 49

How much of a donors whole blood can be safely taken in a cow?

Answer 49

20%

Question 50

How much whole blood should be transfused to calves?

Answer 50

20-30 mL/kg

Question 51

What needs to be added to blood post collection?

Answer 51

anticoagulant

Question 52

What is the transfusion rate/protocol for ruminants?

Answer 52

Give 1.5 ml/kg/hr for 30 minutes, if no adverse effects then change the rate to 10-20mL/kg/hour

Question 53

What adverse effects could you see with blood transfusions?

Answer 53

Increase heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, trembling, hives, edema, stertor, and piloerection