Unit 2 - Head and Neck Part 1 &2

Question 1

What is the causative agent of wooden tongue?

Answer 1

Actinobacillus lignieresii

Question 2

T/F: Actinobacillus lignieresii is a foreign pathogen to the cow.

Answer 2

False - it is normal flora of the oral cavity and rumen

Question 3

What causes wooden tongue (Actinobacillus)?

Answer 3

A break in the mucosa/skin

Question 4

Where does Actinobacillus typically localize?

Answer 4

The tongue most often, but it can also occur at the cervical lymph nodes, head, and neck

Question 5

How is Actinobacillus diagnosed?

Answer 5

Typically based on PE findings

Biopsy and culture

Question 6

What do masses due to Actinobacillus look like?

Answer 6

Multifocal necrotic foci filled with non-odorous thick, white-yellow purulent material

Question 7

How is Actinobacillus treated?

Answer 7

Sodium iodide (70 mg/kg IV) and antibiotics

Question 8

How long should you give sodium iodide for the treatment of Actinobacillus and how do you know when to stop?

Answer 8

Give it every 7-10 days usually 2-3x

You know when to stop when iodinism is observed

Question 9

What are the signs of iodinism?

Answer 9

Excessive tearing, dandruff/flaking of the skin, diarrhea, and inappetence

Question 10

What is the causative agent of lumpy jaw?

Answer 10

Actinomyces bovis

Question 11

T/F: Actinomyces bovis is normal flora of the cow.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is lumpy jaw?

Answer 12

A hard, immovable, painless bony mass

Question 13

Where does lumpy jaw localize?

Answer 13

The mandible most frequently but it can go to the maxilla

Question 14

How is lumpy jaw treated?

Answer 14

Sodium iodide and long-term antibiotics

Question 15

When should you stop using sodium iodide when treating lumpy jaw?

Answer 15

When you see signs of iodinism

Question 16

What is the prognosis for lumpy jaw?

Answer 16

Guarded to poor

Maxilla tumors have a worse prognosis

Question 17

What can lumpy jaw progress to?

Answer 17

Pathological fractures

Question 18

What are the salivary glands of the ruminant head?

Answer 18

mandibular, parotid, and sublingual

Question 19

How much saliva does the mature bovine produce/day?

Answer 19

> 50L saliva/day

Question 20

What causes a sialocele?

Answer 20

Disruption of salivary gland drainage

Question 21

What is a sialocele?

Answer 21

A soft, fluctuant cystic lesion

Question 22

How is a sialocele treated?

Answer 22

Surgical extirpation and chemical debridement

Question 23

What can cause sialoadenitis?

Answer 23

Infections, penetrating wounds, plant awns, foreign bodies

Question 24

You have a 1550 lb Cow. The HCO3 level on serum biochemistry is ~ 15 mEq/L. The apparent bicarb space is 0.3.
How many mEq of HCO3 to replace deficits?

Answer 24

HCO3 = BW (kg) x 0.3 x (25-X)
HCO3 = 705kg x 0.3 x (25-15)
HCO3 = 2115 mEq

Question 25

You have a 1550 lb Cow. The HCO3 level on serum biochemistry is ~ 15 mEq/L. The apparent bicarb space is 0.3. You need 2115 mEq to replace the deficits. How many grams of NaHCO3 is needed in how many L of fluid? Remember 1.3% of NaHCO3 provides 156 mEq/L. To make this you add 13 grams of baking soda /L.

Answer 25

2115/156 = 13.5 She then rounded that to 14 14 L x 13 g/L = 182 grams of baking soda added to 14 L of distilled water

Question 26

How are tooth root abscesses treated?

Answer 26

Long term antibiotics (Ceftiofur, florfenicol, penicillin, isoniazid) and long term anti-inflammatories Surgical management is an option

Question 27

How are tooth root abscesses treated with surgical management?

Answer 27

They are performed under GA at a ventrolateral buccal approach. Retropulsion of the tooth (not if it is a mandibular cheek tooth) and oral extraction

Question 28

How is sinusitis treated?

Answer 28

Sinus trephination and flushing Systemic antibiotics NSAIDs

Question 29

When examining a patient that you suspect has sinusitis, what should your first step be?

Answer 29

Examine from far away

Question 30

How do you perform a tracheostomy on a cow?

Answer 30

Stay on midline at the junction of the cranial and middle third of the neck. Split the sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles. Incise between the tracheal ring - don't cut more than 50% of the diameter Use a stylet to introduce the largest tube that will fit Don't inflate the cuffed tubes and change and clean 2-3 times daily

Question 31

What is another name for necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 31

Calf diphtheria

Question 32

What can cause/is part of the pathogenesis of calf diphtheria?

Answer 32

``` Ulceration of laryngeal surface Recently weaned calves - bawling Viral infections Histophilus somni vasculitis Invasion with Fusobacterium necrophorum ```

Question 33

What clinical signs are associated with calf diphtheria?

Answer 33

Severe inspiratory dyspnea, stertor, open mouth breathing, extended neck, anorexia, depression, fever

Question 34

In acute and uncomplicated cases, how is calf diphtheria treated?

Answer 34

Parenteral Abx therapy - Oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, and/or extra-label florfenicol, tulathromycin, and ceftiofur (only if failure of labled abx and concurrent BRD) Anti-inflammatories - NSAIDs and steroids

Question 35

Arytenoid chondritis is most often a sequelae of what?

Answer 35

necrobacillosis (calf diphtheria)

Question 36

What lesions are associated with arytenoid chondritis?

Answer 36

Abscess, granuloma, chondroma, lymphoma, and papilloma

Question 37

How is arytenoid chondritis treated?

Answer 37

Unilateral arytenoidectomy

Question 38

What is a potential complication of a unilateral arytenoidectomy?

Answer 38

Aspiration pneumonia

Question 39

What causes an enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma?

Answer 39

Enzootic tumor virus 1 a betaretrovirus I don't really like this flashcard... the small ruminant causes are ovine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (ONAV) and Caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus (CNAV)

Question 40

What is tracheal edema syndrome?

Answer 40

Extensive edema and hemorrhage of mucosa and submucosa in the dorsal membrane of the lower trachea

Question 41

What is suspected etiology of tracheal edema syndrome?

Answer 41

Respiratory viruses, bacteria Trauma from feed bunk Passive congestion and fat accumulation Heavy feeder cattle

Question 42

When considering dairy cattle with pharyngeal trauma, one type of bolus can be associated with a very poor outcome. This bolus type was: A. aspirin boluses B. Monensin boluses C. Caustic boluses, such as calcium salts D. solid metal boluses, such as magnets

Answer 42

C. Caustic boluses, such as calcium salts

Question 43

What are you looking for as far as clinical signs for sinusitis in cows?

Answer 43

``` Facial asymmetry Distortion of the bone Nasal discharge (variable) ``` Those are some of the few she mentioned - book has a lot more

Question 44

When you suspect a sinusitis in cows, what should you do on your PE?

Answer 44

Percuss the sinuses (may need to open their mouths) | Assess that their is equal air flow on both nostrils

Question 45

What diagnostic methods can be used for sinusitis in cows?

Answer 45

Radiographs

Question 46

What sinus does the horn communicate with in the cow?

Answer 46

The frontal sinus

Question 47

In regards to the nasal sinuses, ______ are the scrolls, ______ are the spaces.

Answer 47

Conchae, meatuses