Unit 10 Part A Vocabulary Flashcards
The processing of information into the memory system-for example by extracting meaning
Encoding
Process of retaining encoded information overtime
Storage
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Retrieval
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision contrast with the step-by-step processing of most computers and conscious problem-solving
Parallel processing
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Sensory memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Short term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system; includes knowledge skills and experiences
Long term memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Explicit memory
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Effortful processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space time and frequency and of well learned information such as word meanings
Automatic processing
Retention independent of conscious recollection
Implicit memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere,sounds and words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
Echoic memory
Organizing items into familiar or manageable units; often occurs automatically
Chunking
Memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Mnemonics
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Spacing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply re-reading information also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test enhanced learning
Testing effect
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
Shallow processing
Encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Deep processing
Neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Hippocampus
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Flashbulb memory
An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief rapid stimulation believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in the blank test
Recall
