Unit 4 Vocabulary

Question 0

The fertilized egg; it enters into a two week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Answer 0

Zygote

Question 1

A branch of psychology that studies physical cognitive and social change throughout the lifespan

Answer 1

Developmental psychology

Question 2

The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month

Answer 2

Embryo

Question 3

The developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth

Answer 3

Fetus

Question 4

Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Answer 4

Teratogens

Question 5

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. in severe cases signs include a small out of proportion head and abnormal facial features

Answer 5

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 6

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Answer 6

Habituation

Question 7

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Answer 7

Maturation

Question 8

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 8

Cognition

Question 9

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Answer 9

Schema

Question 10

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 10

Assimilation

Question 11

In developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Answer 11

Accommodation

Question 12

The stage from birth to about two years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Answer 12

Sensorimotor stage

Question 13

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 13

Object permanence

Question 14

The stage from about two to about six or seven years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Answer 14

Preoperational stage

Question 15

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Answer 15

Conservation

Question 16

The preoperational child’s difficulty of taking another’s point of view

Answer 16

Egocentrism

Question 17

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings,perceptions, and thoughts and behaviors these might predict

Answer 17

Theory of mind

Question 18

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Answer 18

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 19

The stage of cognitive development from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 19

Concrete operational stage

Question 20

The stage of cognitive development normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 20

Formal operational stage

Question 21

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about eight months of age

Answer 21

Stranger anxiety

Question 22

An emotional tie with another person; shows in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Answer 22

Attachment

Question 23

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 23

Critical period

Question 24

The process by which certain animals form strong attachment during an early life critical period

Answer 24

Imprinting

Question 25

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 25

Temperament

Question 26

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Answer 26

Basic trust

Question 27

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am I?"

Answer 27

Self concept

Question 28

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Answer 28

Gender

Question 29

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 29

Aggression

Question 30

A set of expected behaviors for males or females

Answer 30

Gender role

Question 31

A set of expectations(norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 31

Role

Question 32

Our sense of being male or female

Answer 32

Gender identity

Question 33

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Answer 33

Social learning theory

Question 34

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Answer 34

Gender typing

Question 35

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expressions differs from that associated with their birth sex

Answer 35

Transgender

Question 36

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Answer 36

Adolescence

Question 37

Our sense of self; according to Erikson the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Answer 37

Identity

Question 38

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Answer 38

Social identity

Question 39

The ability to form close loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 39

Intimacy

Question 40

For some people in modern cultures a period from the late teens to mid 20s, bridges the gap between adolescent dependence and full independent and responsible adulthood

Answer 40

Emerging adulthood

Question 41

The sex chromosome found in both men and women females have 2 of these and males have one. One of these from each parent produces a female child

Answer 41

X chromosome

Question 42

The sex chromosome found only in ; when paired with an X chromosome from the mother it produces a male child

Answer 42

Y chromosome

Question 43

The most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it but the additional amount of this in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Answer 43

Testosterone

Question 44

The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Answer 44

Puberty

Question 45

The body structures (ovaries, testes,and externals genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Answer 45

Primary sex characteristics

Question 46

Non-reproductive sexual traits such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Answer 46

Secondary sex characteristics

Question 47

The first menstrual period

Answer 47

Menarche

Question 48

A life-threatening sexually-transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) this depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

Answer 48

AIDS (acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Question 49

And enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, the other sex,or both sexes

Answer 49

Sexual orientation

Question 50

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 50

Menopause

Question 51

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Answer 51

Cross-sectional study

Question 52

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 52

Longitudinal study

Question 53

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Answer 53

Social clock

Question 54

Studied children's cognitive development all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

Answer 54

Jean Piaget

Question 55

Studied how children think and learn. emphasized how a child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment

Answer 55

Lev Vygotsky

Question 56

Explored the rigid attachment process called imprinting

Answer 56

Konrad Lorenz

Question 57

An American psychologist who provided a new understanding of human nature and development through studies of social behavior of monkeys

Answer 57

Harry Harlow

Question 58

An American psychologist who low-bred monkeys for their learning studies

Answer 58

Margaret Harlow

Question 59

Designed the strange situation experiment; she observed mother-infant pairs at home during the first six months

Answer 59

Mary Ainsworth

Question 60

Psychologist who developed the theory that there are four main types of parenting styles that accounted for the way children function socially emotionally and cognitively

Answer 60

Diana Baumrind

Question 61

Believed females tend to differ from males both in being less concerned with viewing themselves separate individuals and being more concerned with "making connections"

Answer 61

Carol Gilligan

Question 62

Believed that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between there behavior and its consequences

Answer 62

Albert Bandura

Question 63

Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

Answer 63

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 64

A theorist who contended that each stage of life has its own psychological task, a crisis that needs resolution

Answer 64

Erik Erikson

Question 65

Founder of psychoanalysis;a new approach to understanding human personality

Answer 65

Sigmund Freud