unit 2 CNS

Question 1

at 4 weeks the human brain is made of 4 regions, what are they?

Answer 1

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord

Question 2

the forebrain is differentiated into these two regions

Answer 2

cerebrum, dienchephalon

Question 3

the hindbrain is differentiated into these 3 regions

Answer 3

Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

Question 4

Name the three layers of meninges from innermost to outermost

Answer 4

Pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura matter

Question 5

where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Answer 5

In the coroid plexuses found within each of the 4 ventricals

Question 6

How does CSF get into the subarachnoid space?

Answer 6

through apertures in the 4th ventrical

Question 7

how does CSF escape the subarachnoid space?

Answer 7

through arachnoid villi that protrude into the dural sinus

Question 8

what are two defining characteristics of CSF when compared to plasma?

Answer 8

CSF has very low protein and no blood cells

Question 9

The presence of blood or protein in CSF indicates what?

Answer 9

infection

Question 10

what creates the myelin sheath within the CNS?

Answer 10

oligodendrocytes

Question 11

________ wrap around capillaries and secrete paracrine factors that promote tight junctions within the CNS

Answer 11

astrocytes

Question 12

Dural sinus is also called s_________ sinus

Answer 12

superior sagittal sinus

Question 13

three metabolic quirks of neural tissues

Answer 13

1. require a lot of oxygen
2. require a lot of glucose
3. require a lot of blood

Question 14

the four sections of the spinal nerves

Answer 14

cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral

Question 15

the sympathetic nerves on the spinal cord are located in a section for the spine called the _____

Answer 15

thoraco-lumbar division

Question 16

definition of nuclei in the CNS

Answer 16

cluster of synapses

Question 17

definition of tracts in the cns

Answer 17

bundle of axons

Question 18

dorsal column transmit information about ________ towards the _______

Answer 18

touch, pressure, proprioception
brain

Question 19

the spinothalamic tract transmits information about _____

Answer 19

pain and temperature

Question 20

corticospinal tracts transmit information about ________

Answer 20

voluntary movement

Question 21

the lateral corticospinal tract control the _____
the ventromedial corticospinal tract control the ______

Answer 21

limbs
trunk muscles

Question 22

The midbrain is responsible for____

Answer 22

eye movement, visual and auditory reflexes

Question 23

Pons are responsible for ____

Answer 23

relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 24

medulla is responsible for _____

Answer 24

control of many involuntary functions, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing

Question 25

medulla is the site of _____ for most neurons in the spinal tract

Answer 25

decussation (crossing over)

Question 26

the cerebellum coordinates _____

Answer 26

movement

Question 27

diencephalon has four structures

Answer 27

thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

Question 28

what does the thalamus do?

Answer 28

relays and integrates sensory information

Question 29

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 29

center for homeostasis hunger, thirst, autonomic responses, endocrine systems

Question 30

what does the pineal gland do?

Answer 30

secretes melatonin, involved in circadian rhythms

Question 31

the four lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 31

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal

Question 32

the three regions of cerebral grey matter

Answer 32

basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

Question 33

primary motor cortex is located ____

Answer 33

in the frontal lobe, ridge just anterior to central sulcus

Question 34

primary somatosensory cortex is located ________

Answer 34

in the parietal lobe, ridge just posterior to the central sulcus

Question 35

dorsal columns in the spinal cord carry information about _____

Answer 35

touch, pressure, proprioception

Question 36

spinocerebellar tract carry information about _____

Answer 36

propriocenption (posture, coordination)

Question 37

spinothalamic tract carry information about ____

Answer 37

pain and temp

Question 38

corticospinal tract carry information about ____

Answer 38

voluntary movement

Question 39

the lateral corticospinal tracts control the ____

Answer 39

limbs

Question 40

a signal controlling the limbs will ____ in the medulla, follow the _____ corticospinal tract, and _____ in spinal grey matter

Answer 40

cross, lateral, not cross

Question 41

a signal controlling the trunk will ____ in the medulla, follow the _____ corticospinal tract, and _____ in spinal grey matter

Answer 41

not cross, anterior, cross

Question 42

5 steps of a spinal reflex

Answer 42

1. painful stimulus activates receptor 2. primary sensory neuron enters spinal cord 3. collateral activates ascending pathway for sensation (cc to brain) 4. withdrawal reflex 5. crossed extensor reflex

Question 43

_____ substances require a channel to cross the blood brain barrier

Answer 43

hydrophilic / lipophobic