unit 5

Question 1

The endocrine system regulates long-term functions such as ________, _______, _______, and _______

Answer 1

Growth
Metabolism
Regulation of internal environment
Reproduction

Question 2

Hormones act on target cells by regulating ____, ______, _______

Answer 2

Enzyme activity
Ion transport across membrane
Gene expression

Question 3

Hormones generated from within are called _______, hormones generated from outside are called _____

Answer 3

Endogenous
Exogenous

Question 4

Endocrine hormones must travel to target cells through the ______

Answer 4

blood

Question 5

Three ways to experiment with endocrinology

Answer 5

Lose (ablate)
Replace
Excess

Question 6

What experiment proved that hormones were not connected to the neurological system?

Answer 6

Remove chicken testes and replace them

Question 7

Classic hormones vs non-classic hormones

Answer 7

Classic
Secreted into blood, travel to distant targets, act at low concentrations
Non-classic
Not secreted by glands but neurons and immune cells
Act locally, diffusion through ECF
Hormones in one context but can also be secreted in CNS and act as neurotransmitters

Question 8

There is an equilibrium between _____ and _____ hormones

Answer 8

Free
Bound

Question 9

3 mechanisms to remove hormones from receptors

Answer 9

Hormones inactivated on their way through liver and kidney
Nonspecific protease break them down
Hormone-receptor complex internalized (endocytosis) by target cell

Question 10

3 ways to classify hormones

Answer 10

Source
Mechanism of action
Chemistry

Question 11

Three categories of chemistry of hormones

Answer 11

Peptied/proteins
Amine/ amino acids
steroid

Question 12

Peptides are _______ and require __________ to sustain a response

Answer 12

Hydrophilic
Continuous release

Question 13

Peptide hormone synthesis and secretion requires the cell to have lots of _______

Answer 13

Rough ER

Question 14

The response of peptide hormones is typically ____

Answer 14

Rapid/fast

Question 15

Amine hormones can come from either _______ or _______

Answer 15

Tryptophan
Tyrosine

Question 16

Tryptophan amine hormones creates _______ from the ________

Answer 16

Melatonin
Pineal gland

Question 17

Tyrosine amine hormones can create ________ which are ______ that act via membrane receptors

Answer 17

Catechol amines
Neurohormones

Question 18

Tyrosine amine hormones can create ________ which are ______ and act via intracellular receptors

Answer 18

Thyroid hormones
Produced by epithelial cells

Question 19

Steroid hormones are all derived from ______

Answer 19

Cholesterol

Question 20

Steroids are made in the ______, ______, or ______

Answer 20

Adrenal cortex
Gonads
Placenta

Question 21

Modifications of cholesterol require _________

Answer 21

Side chain cleavage enzyme

Question 22

Steroidogenic cells (producing steroids) have large amounts of ______

Answer 22

Smooth ER

Question 23

Steroids are _______ and ____ stored

Answer 23

Lipophilic
Cannot be

Question 24

Steroid hormones are typically _________ to help them circulate

Answer 24

Bound to carrier protein or albumin

Question 25

Steroid receptor proteins are ___________________ that drive gene expression

Answer 25

Ligand activated transcription factors

Question 26

New proteins made by steroid receptors are typically ___________

Answer 26

Other transcription factors

Question 27

The pathway of a simple endocrine reflex (6)

Answer 27

Stimulus Integrating center Hormone Target Tissue response Systemic response

Question 28

Adrenal medulla produces ______ by _______ cells

Answer 28

Epinephrine Chromaffin

Question 29

The hypothalamus produces _____ in the ________ gland, both ______ and ______

Answer 29

Nurohormones Pituitary Posterior Anterior

Question 30

The pituitary gland develops from the _________ under the floor of the ________

Answer 30

Rathke’s pouch Third ventricle

Question 31

Neuro hypophysis is the ___________, neural Adeno hypophysis is the _________, glandular

Answer 31

posterior pituitary anterior pituitary

Question 32

synergism

Answer 32

combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects

Question 33

permissiveness

Answer 33

hormone is required but is not enough for full effect

Question 34

antagonism

Answer 34

one substance opposes the action of another

Question 35

hypersecretion can occur due to _______ or _______

Answer 35

tumors of glands issues with feedback regulation

Question 36

hyposecretion can occur due to _________ or ________

Answer 36

inability to produce hormone side effects of exogenous hormones

Question 37

three ways that can cause an inability to produce hormone

Answer 37

mutations in genes that code for hormones or enzymes that produce the hormones atrophy of gland due to disease deficiency in iodine - can't make thyroid hormones

Question 38

abnormal responsiveness of target tissues can be caused by _____ or _______

Answer 38

abnormally high hormone levels which then causes down regulation of target cells mutations in receptor proteins

Question 39

Posterior pituitary gland creates neurohormone within the ________

Answer 39

Neuron cell body

Question 40

_____ containing neurohormone are stored in the ____

Answer 40

Vesicles posterior pituitary

Question 41

Vasopressin is a ______

Answer 41

Neurohormone

Question 42

In the anterior pituitary gland the _______ synthesizing neurohormones release them into ________

Answer 42

Neurons First capillary bed of portal system

Question 43

____ cells release _____ hormones into second set of capillaries, exit via _________

Answer 43

Endocrine Peptide Venous drainage

Question 44

The target organs of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 44

My MOAT MammarY glands Muscles Ovaries (and testes) Adrenal cortex thyroid

Question 45

The three tiers of hypothalamic pituitary axis

Answer 45

Hypothalamic hormones Tropic hormones Endocrine targets and the hormones they secrete

Question 46

TRH - ___-___-________

Answer 46

TSH Thyroid gland Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

Question 47

_____-______-______-Cortisol

Answer 47

CRH ACTH Adrenal cortex

Question 48

_____-____/___-Endocrine cells of the gonads -______

Answer 48

GnRH FSH/LH Androgens/estrogen/progesterone