unit 4 ab Flashcards by Allison K

Diabetes Mellitus is ____
diabetes insipidus is _______

sweet
not sweet

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The 6 functions of a kidney (broad terms)

regulate extracellular fluid and Blood pressure
regulate Ion balance
regulate plasma Osmolarity
regulate plasma pH
Endocrine functions
excretion of Waste

(BIO PEW)

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The cortical nephron is located in ______ of the kidney

the cortex

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the juxtamedullary nephron is located in _____ of the kidney

the dividing line of the cortex and medulla, mostly in the medulla

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The bundle of capillaries within nephrons is called the ____

glomerulus

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The loops of henle are _____ into the medulla for juxtamedullary nephrons than cortical nephrons

further

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The “renal corpuscle” is composed of ________ and the ______ inside

bowman’s capsule
glomerulus

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The tubular elements of the nephron (7)

bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
descending limb
loop of henle
ascending limb
distal tubule
collecting duct

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renal circulation begins with the artery. What are the next 5 steps into the vein?

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
venule

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what makes the nephron circulation different from normal venous portal systems?

capillaries are joined by arterioles not by venules

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definition of filtration in the kidneys

movement of water/solutes from blood (glomerular) into tubules

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definition of reabsorption in the kidneys

movement of water/solutes from filtrates back into blood (peritubular capillaries)

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definition of secretion in the kidneys

removing molecules from blood, adding them to filtrate

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the loop of henle is for the purpose of ________

reabsorption: lumen into blood

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how to calculate the amount of solute excreted

amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted = amount of solute excreted
F-R+S=E
(forsey lol)

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filtrate is almost identical to plasma except

lacking most of the blood cells

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in the proximal tubule ____ of fluid and solute is reabsorbed

70%

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when fluid leaves the ascending loop of Henle it is _______ relative to plasma. At this point _____ of the original filtrate has been reabsorbed.

hypo-osmotic
90%

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distal tubule / collecting duct is in control of _____ via ____ control

water/salt balance
endocrine

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___% of the plasma moves out of glomerular capillaries into tubules. Called the ________

20%
filtration fraction

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the cells wrapped around the glomerular are called _______

podocytes

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the endothelium of glomerular capillaries are ______ meaning they have _______

fenestrated
large gaps between them

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what substances cannot pass the endothelium of the glomerular?

cells
large proteins

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the protein between pedicels of the glomerular are ______

nephrin

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the protein within pedicels of the glomerular are ______

podocin

the starling forces for glomerular filtration?

Ph (blood pressure) - pi (colloid osmotic pressure) - P fluid (pressure of fluid in bowmans capsule) = net flitration 10 mm Hg

3 factors that influence glomerular filtration rate

net filtration pressure surface area of capillaries permeability of the interface

increasing the resistance of afferent arterioles will cause ______ in renal blood flow, ______ in blood pressure, and _____ in GFR

decrease decrease decrease

increasing the resistance of efferent arterioles will cause ______ in renal blood flow, ______ in blood pressure, and _____ in GFR

decrease increase increase

the three mechanisms of regulation for GFR

myogenic response tubulo glomerular feedback endocrine and autonomic control

myogenic response is caused by _______ of ________ which will vasoconstrict when bp is ____ and vasodilate when bp is ____

stretch arterior smooth muscles high low

tubulo glomerular feedback is when the ________ detects too much _____ which causes _____ to be released and activate _______

macula densa NaCl paracrine factors smooth muscle of afferent arteriole

autonomic control of GFR is via ____ innervation and under ____ conditions

sympathetic extreme

endocrine and autonomic control of GFR have integrating centers _____ the kidney that can ______ controls

outside override local

The _____ pathway is through cell-cell junctions

para-cellular

The _____ pathway is crossing the _____ and _____ membranes of cells

epithelial apical basolateral

Apical side is ____

Facing tubular lumen

Basolateral side is ____

Facing blood (capillaries)

Enac is expressed in the _____ side and moves sodium ____ the epithelial cells

Apical Into

NaK ATPase is expressed in the ____ side and moves sodium ____ the epithelial cells

Basolateral Out of

Potassium exits the epithelial cells of the nephron via ______

Potassium leak channels

SGLT is a ______ and is on the ____ side

Na glucose cotransporter Apical

SGLT is on the _______ side, _______ is on the basolateral side

Apical GLUT

GLUT is a _______ and works by ____ and goes ____the gradient

Glucose transporter protein Facilitated diffusion With

Urea is has similar characteristics to ______ which allows for easy transport

water

___ of filtered urea is reabsorbed in the proximal tube

40%

The movement of urea in the nephrons is _____

passive

The peritubular capillaries have _____ hydrostatic pressure which results in net ______ of interstitial fluid

Lower Reabsorption

Kidney is a major route of _____ for ____ proteins

Elimination Small

Proteins smaller than ____ kDa are filtered at the glomerulus

Proteins and complex peptides exit the tubules by going through ____ in the epithelium and ____ are secreted into the interstitial fluid

Endocytosis Amino acids

Linear peptides exit the tubules by interacting with ____ that ___ and are secreted into interstitial fluid

brush boarders Digest into amino acids

Renal threshold is the _________ at which _______ occurs

Plasma concentration of substance Maximum transport (tm )

Excretion of a substance occurs when ______ occurs

renal threshold

Reabsorption reaches plateau at ______

Maximum transport rate

secretion of protein occurs when they bind to receptor and undergoes ________ and either degrades it into amino acids or transports via exocytosis into ____

receptor mediated endocytosis the tubule

OAT transporters are on the ________ side

Apical or basolateral

Apical OAT transporters bring in ____ and remove _____ from the epithelial cells

Dicarboxylate anion Organic anions

Basolateral OAT transporter bring in ____ and remove ____ from the epithelial cells

Organic anions dicarboxylate anion

Composition of urine vs original filtrate (3 things)

Glucose, amino acids, other metabolites gone Proteins mostly gone Waste products much more concentrated

clearance equals

excretion rate of X (mg/min) / concentration of X in plasma (mg/ml)

inulin clearance is the same as _____

GFR

All the inulin is filtered at the _____ ends up being _____

glomerulus excreted

creatinine is filtered, some ______ none ______

secreted reabsorbed

with ____, ____, and _____, we can determine how the kidney handles any solute

GFR plasma concentration excretion rate

to determine net movement compare ____ and ____ rates

filtration excretion

normal GFR is ______ ml/min

100-125

filtration rate is ______ x ______

concentration in plasma GFR

urination is also known as ______

Micturition

micturition is a ________ subject to both ________ and _____ control from the _____

spinal reflex conscious unconscious CNS

steps of micturition (3)

stretch receptors activate and synapse in the spinal cord activate parasympathetic neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder inhibit the tonic activation of the motor neurons that keep the sphincter closed (somatic)