unit 3a sensory systems

Question 1

The four types of receptors

Answer 1

Chemo
Mechano
Photo
Thermo

Question 2

definition of adequate stimulus

Answer 2

type of energy that a receptor responds best to

Question 3

convergence of many primary neurons onto one secondary neuron increases _____ but decreases ______

Answer 3

sensitivity
resolution

Question 4

Increased area in somatosensory cortex dedicated to the fingers rather than the arm is the caused by _______

Answer 4

lack of convergence in the fingertips

Question 5

The two sensory pathways that do not undergo thalamic relay

Answer 5

olfactory pathway

equilibrium pathway

Question 6

what is visceral sensory information?

Answer 6

gut, stomach, internal organs

Question 7

How are sensations decoded in the CNS

Answer 7

MILD
Modality
Intensity
Location
Duration

Question 8

What is modality determined by? what is another name for this type of decoding?

Answer 8

type of neuron activated (touch, photo…) and where the pathway terminates

also called labeled line coding

Question 9

What is location determined by?

Answer 9

which receptive fields are activated

Question 10

lateral inhibition enhances _____ and improves ________

Answer 10

contrast

stimulus localization

Question 11

what is intensity determined by?

Answer 11

number of receptors activated

FREQUENCY of action potentials

Question 12

what is duration determined by?

Answer 12

The length of time of the series of action potentials

Question 13

type of receptor that turns off during a constant stimulus

Answer 13

phasic receptor

Question 14

medulla crossing somatosensory pathways

Answer 14

fine touch, proprioception, vibration

Question 15

spinal cord crossing somatosensory pathways

Answer 15

nociception, temperature, coarse touch

Question 16

the superficial cutaneous sensory receptors and their adaptation

Answer 16

merkels disk slow
meissners corpuscle fast

Question 17

the deep cutaneous sensory reseptors and their adaptations

Answer 17

ruffinis corpuscle slow
pacinian corpuscle fast

Question 18

nociception is mediated by what types of channels?

Answer 18

Transient Receptor potential (TRP) channels

Question 19

TRP channels do not have an adequate stimulus. Why?

Answer 19

mediated by a variety of sensations and non-selective ion channels

Question 20

the reason wasabi tastes “hot”

Answer 20

The TRPV that is activated by wasabi is also activated by warm temperatures

Question 21

nociception is mediated by what nerves?

Answer 21

free nerve endings with ion channels

Question 22

three ways neural reflexes are classified

Answer 22

according to the effector
according to the integrating center
number of neurons in pathway

Question 23

only _____ reflexes are monosynaptic

Answer 23

motor

Question 24

skeletal muscle reflexes monitor ______, integrate in the ____, efferent pathway is _____ and the effectors are _____

Answer 24

proprioception, CNS, alpha motor neurons, extrafusal muscle fibers

Question 25

proprioceptors sense....

Answer 25

changes in join movement, muscle length, muscle tension

Question 26

muscle spindles monitor _____

Answer 26

muscle stretch

Question 27

golgi tendon organs monitor

Answer 27

muscle tension

Question 28

the ______ in the central region of intrafusal fibers are _____ and send signals to the ______

Answer 28

free nerve endings tonically active 1a afferent neurons spinal cord

Question 29

1a afferent neurons will synapse in the spinal cord with ______ and ____

Answer 29

alpha motor neuron inhibitory interneuron

Question 30

inhibitory interneurons inhibit ________ muscles

Answer 30

antagonistic

Question 31

alpha gamma coactivation occurs when the muscle is _______

Answer 31

contracting

Question 32

the stretch reflex prevents over stretching by....

Answer 32

negative feedback loop of 1a afferent neurons synapsing with alpha motor neurons and causing contraction

Question 33

compare muscle reflex with voluntary movement

Answer 33

muscle reflex - integrated in spinal cord - inherent and fast movement -driven by external stimuli voluntary movement - integrated in cerebral cortex - learned movements, can improve with practice - driven by conscious processing

Question 34

crossed extensor reflex purpose

Answer 34

support body weight as shift away from painful stimulus