unit 6 a and b

Question 1

Definition of digestion in the GI system

Answer 1

break macromolecules (nutrients) into forms that can be transported across epithelium

Question 2

Definition of absorption in the GI system

Answer 2

transport nutrients, water, ions, vitamins across epithelium

Question 3

Definition of secretion in the GI system

Answer 3

release of enzymes into gut lumen

Question 4

Definition of motility in the GI system

Answer 4

keep the gut contents moving

Question 5

Protection from pathogens mediated by…

Answer 5

(GAMED)
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Acid
Mucus
Epithelial barrier
Digestive enzymes

Question 6

The three parts of the small intestine

Answer 6

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 7

The four layers of the mucosal surface starting from the lumen outwards

Answer 7

Mucosa
Submucosa
Smooth muscle layers
Serosa

Question 8

The mucosa can be described as three layers….

Answer 8

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscilaris mucosa

Question 9

The stomach has ______ muscles which contract in a _______ direction

Answer 9

oblique
diagonal

Question 10

Plica are unlike rugae in that they _____________ when stretched

Answer 10

Do not disappear

Question 11

Within the villus molecules that cross the epithelium can go into the _______ and go into the blood or go into the _______ and go into the lymphatics

Answer 11

Venous capillary bed
Lacteal

Question 12

The three way the small intestine increases surface area from smallest to largest

Answer 12

Microvilli
Villi
plica

Question 13

During/after meals the smooth muscle will have _________ and ________ contractions

Answer 13

Peristaltic
Segmental

Question 14

Between meals ________ sweep slowly down the tract

Answer 14

Migrating motor complexes

Question 15

Single unit smooth muscle act as one unit because they are ____________

Answer 15

Coupled by gap junctions

Question 16

The force and duration of muscle contraction in the GI is caused mostly by the _________ of action potentials

Answer 16

frequency

Question 17

The slow wave frequency is set by ‘pacemaker cells’ between _______ called the ___________

Answer 17

Circular and longitudinal muscle layers
Interstitial cells of cajal

Question 18

Ions mostly travel via ___________

Answer 18

Membrane transporters

Question 19

The lumen of the stomach has __________ and ______ on the apical side

Answer 19

HK-ATPase
Cl leak channels

Question 20

The lumen of the stomach has _______ on the basolateral side which causes bicarbonate to be ______ the blood

Answer 20

Bicarb chlorine antiporters
absorbed into

Question 21

Why does Na get attracted into the lumen of the small intestine?

Answer 21

Negative chlorine ions in the lumen attract the sodium by the paracellular pathway, water will also follow

Question 22

The NKCC transporter is on the _____ side of the small intestine

Answer 22

Basolateral

Question 23

In the small intestine chlorine enters the lumen via apical __________

Answer 23

CFTR channels

Question 24

The NaK- ATPase is on the _______ which allows for ______ reabsorption

Answer 24

Basolateral
Sodium (Na)

Question 25

Bicarb is secreted into the _________ which neutralizes the acid arriving from the ______

Answer 25

Duodenum Stomach

Question 26

______ cells of pancreas secrete enzymes, epithelial cells lining ducts (duct cells) secrete __________

Answer 26

Acinar bicarb solution

Question 27

Lumen of small intestine bicarb secreted via __________ which is expressed on the _____ side

Answer 27

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger Apical

Question 28

Lumen of small intestine has NKCC transporter on the _____ side

Answer 28

basolateral

Question 29

Cystic fibrosis is a mutation in gene that encodes ____________

Answer 29

CFTR channels

Question 30

Cystic fibrosis can lead to defects in _____ and ____ transport which will cause _______ mucus

Answer 30

Cl and water Thicker

Question 31

The thick mucus caused by cystic fibrosis will lead to blockages of ________ ducts which causes exocrine secretions to not be realsed

Answer 31

Pancreatic ducts

Question 32

Enzymes can be released as zymogens (__________) to prevent __________

Answer 32

Inactive precursors Auto-digestion

Question 33

Enzymes that are linked to microvilli can be called _____ _______ enzymes

Answer 33

Brush border

Question 34

Mucus is produced by _______ cells

Answer 34

Exocrine

Question 35

Name the exocrine cells in the salivary glands, stomach, and intestines respectively

Answer 35

Serous Mucous Goblet

Question 36

Cytokines from immune cells can be a signal for ________

Answer 36

Mucus secretion

Question 37

Fluid secreted by _______ cells is similar to ______. As it passes through _____, epithelial cells take back ___ and secrete ___ so that it resembles intracellular fluid

Answer 37

Acinar ECF Ducts Na K

Question 38

_______ must first pass through liver before reaching systemic circulation

Answer 38

Xenobiotics

Question 39

The three key components of bile

Answer 39

Bile salts Bile pigments Cholesterol

Question 40

Digestion occurs in the _____, _______, and ________

Answer 40

Mouth Stomach Small intestine

Question 41

Steps in absorption (6)

Answer 41

Lumen Apical membrane Epithelial cell Basolateral membrane Interstitium Capillary/lymph

Question 42

Carbohydrates can only be absorbed __________

Answer 42

Via membrane transporters

Question 43

We only have membrane receptors for _____saccharides

Answer 43

mono

Question 44

Glucose enters with Na on an ______ and exits on _______

Answer 44

SGLT GLUT2

Question 45

Fructose enters on ______ and exits on _____

Answer 45

GLUT5 GLUT2

Question 46

________ digests internal peptide bonds

Answer 46

endopeptidase

Question 47

Di and tri peptides cotransport with ____, amino acids cotransport with _____

Answer 47

H Na

Question 48

Fat soluble vitamins (4)

Answer 48

A D E K

Question 49

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 49

C and most Bs Except B12

Question 50

The two substances for which interstitial absorption is regulated

Answer 50

Iron calcium

Question 51

Feedforward reflexes originate ____ the GI tract and include the _____ reflexes

Answer 51

Outside Cephalic

Question 52

Neurons in _________ plexus regulate secretion, neurons in _______ plexus regulate motility

Answer 52

submucosal myenteric

Question 53

The two short reflexes regulate _____ and ______

Answer 53

Secretion Motility

Question 54

Short reflexes are integrated in the ____ nervous system

Answer 54

Enteric

Question 55

Long reflexes are integrated in _____, short reflexes integrated in _____

Answer 55

CNS Gut

Question 56

Parallels between enteric and CNS

Answer 56

DING C Diffusion barrier Intrinsic neurons Neurotransmitters Glial support cells Integrating center

Question 57

The three families of gut hormones

Answer 57

Gastrin Secretin Motilin

Question 58

3 steps of swallowing reflex

Answer 58

Tongue pushes bolus to the back of the mouth, triggering the reflex breathing is inhibited food moves down esophagus propelled by peristaltic waves and helped by gravity

Question 59

The swallowing reflex is integrated in the ______

Answer 59

Medulla

Question 60

If LES is not closed acid from the stomach can splash into lower esophagus, when this occurs during churning of the stomach it is called _______

Answer 60

GERD or heartburn

Question 61

The cephalic phase increases _____ and _______ in the _____, ______, and _______

Answer 61

Motility Secretion Stomach Intestine Accessory organs

Question 62

Cephalic phase of digestion is triggered by ________

Answer 62

Sight, smell, or sound of food

Question 63

The long vagal reflex is the ______ phase

Answer 63

Cephalic

Question 64

When food enter the stomach a series of _____ reflexes is triggered known as the _____ phase

Answer 64

Short Gastric