unit 4 cd

Question 1

Increase in blood pressure leads to _______ reflexes that ________

Answer 1

Cardiovascular
Lower blood pressure

Question 2

Drinking water can cause an ________ in ECF volume and in turn increase ________

Answer 2

Increase
blood pressure

Question 3

Sodium is regulated by the hormone _______

Answer 3

Aldosterone

Question 4

Aldosterone is produced in the ______

Answer 4

Adrenal cortex

Question 5

Aldosterone acts via ___________ which create new _______ or proteins that ________

Answer 5

Intracellular receptors
pumps/channels
Modulate existing pumps/channels

Question 6

Aldosterone promotes cellular Na _______ and potassium _____ on the apical side

Answer 6

Import
export

Question 7

The two stimuli for aldosterone release

Answer 7

Increased potassium concentration
Low blood pressure

Question 8

Renin is from the ________ cells in the ______ of the nephrons

Answer 8

Granular
Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 9

The RAS system is activated in response to _________

Answer 9

Low blood pressure

Question 10

The three stimuli of renin release

Answer 10

Granular cells that monitor bp
Sympathetic pathways of cardio control that terminate on granular cells
Paracrine factors from macula densa cells, decreased flow rate increased renin rate

Question 11

What are three ways that you can treat hypertension?

Answer 11

ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers (antagonists)
Direct renin inhibitors

Question 12

The hormone that promotes loss of sodium

Answer 12

Natriuresis

Question 13

The hormone that promotes loss of water

Answer 13

Diuresis

Question 14

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide) is produced in _______ and released when cells are _________

Answer 14

Specialized myocardial cells
Stretched more than normal

Question 15

______osmolarity inhibits aldosterone

Answer 15

hyper

Question 16

Abnormal pH affects the ______ system

Answer 16

Nervous

Question 17

pH disturbances are often associated with _______ disturbances

Answer 17

Potassium

Question 18

Acid input from ________ and _________

Answer 18

Diet
Metabolism

Question 19

Acid output from ______ and ______

Answer 19

Ventilation
Renal

Question 20

Acid buffers are _____, _____, and ______

Answer 20

HCO3
Proteins in cells (hemoglobin)
Phosphates (ammonia in urine)

Question 21

Kindey involved in the homeostasis of which 7 ions in the body?

Answer 21

Na, Cl, K, H, Ca, HPO4, HCO3

Question 22

Elimination also occurs by ____, _____, and _____

Answer 22

Sweat feces lungs

Question 23

How do you replace lost water within the body?

Answer 23

Drinking water is the only way to replace

Question 24

Easier to deal with ___ pressure emergencies

Answer 24

low

Question 25

Insensible (hard to measure) water loss is from the ______

Answer 25

Lungs and skin

Question 26

If volume of water falls too low then _______ stops

Answer 26

GFR “body emergency”

Question 27

On the descending side of the loop of Henle only ____ is reabsorbed and in the ascending side only ____ is reabsorbed

Answer 27

Water, ions

Question 28

Within the distal tubule permeability is regulated by _____

Answer 28

Hormones

Question 29

As you go deeper into the medulla of the kidney osmolarity (saltiness) _____

Answer 29

increases

Question 30

to produce dilute urine: to concentrate urine:

Answer 30

reabsorb solute without letting water follow reabsorb water but leave solute in tubules

Question 31

Water can move across cells in two ways, by ________ lipid bilayer or by ___________

Answer 31

Leaking through Traveling through aquaporins (water channels)

Question 32

who discovered aquaporins?

Answer 32

Peter agre

Question 33

Who discovered NaK channels?

Answer 33

Roderick MacKinnon

Question 34

To produce dilute urine ___________ of aquaporins

Answer 34

Reduce expression

Question 35

To produce concentrated urine _____ of aquaporins and make epithelial cells _______salty than _______

Answer 35

Increase expression more tubular fluid

Question 36

The regulatory hormone in the distal nephron is known by two names ______ and ______

Answer 36

ADH (anti diuretic hormone) AVP (arginine vaso pressin)

Question 37

Maximal vasopressin causes _______ urine

Answer 37

Concentrated

Question 38

Vassopressin causes ______ expression of _______

Answer 38

Increased Aquaporrins

Question 39

Vasopressin binds to ____ receptor on the _____ side to activate _____ which pushes _____ to the _____ side of the collecting duct epithelial cells

Answer 39

GPCR basolateral cAMP Aquaporin water pores apical

Question 40

Vassopressin arrives to the kidney via the _____ and is produced by _________ and released in the ________

Answer 40

Blood stream Large neurons in the hypothalamus Posterior pituitary

Question 41

In a hypertonic environment the _______ will _____ its firing rate from tonic firing due to the cell ______

Answer 41

Osmoreceptor Increase Shrinking

Question 42

Why would osmoreceptors be considered “opposite” mechanoreceptor instead of regular mechanoreceptors?

Answer 42

Increase firing rate caused by SHRINKING not stretching

Question 43

The two signs that peripheral osmoreceptors exist

Answer 43

Water intake satiates thirst before ECF hyperosmolarity is fully corrected Water loading lowers VP release before plasma osmolarity decreases

Question 44

Peripheral osmoreceptors induce _________ response

Answer 44

Anticipatory

Question 45

Central osmoreceptors are ______ the blood brain barrier and have ______ capillaries

Answer 45

Outside Very permeable

Question 46

Central osmoreceptors are in the _________ organs, the _______ and the ________ organ, and in the ________ within the hypothalamus

Answer 46

Curcumventricular organs OVLT Subfornical Supraoptic nucleus

Question 47

During the night, concentrations of ______ will _______ to prevent bed wetting. As a result urine osmolarity _______

Answer 47

AVP Increase increases

Question 48

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle pumps ________________ and the filtrate becomes ___________

Answer 48

Out Na K and Cl Hypoosmotic

Question 49

Descending limb is highly permeable to _____ due to high expression of ________ that are not hormone regulated

Answer 49

Water Aquapores

Question 50

The contercurrent multiplier in the kidneys is the interaction between the _________ and the ______

Answer 50

tubules of the loop of henle Vasa recta

Question 51

The thick ascending limb has these 3 features

Answer 51

Apical side not permeable to water NKCC symporter on apical membrane K and Cl cotransporter on basolateral side