Unit 8 for Brainscape - Word List Flashcards
1
Q
abdominal
A
pertaining to the abdomen
2
Q
adaptive
A
able to respond to changing circumstances; describes the immune response which is specific to a particular organism or cell surface marker
3
Q
adenoid
A
a collection of immune tissue at the top back of the oral cavity
4
Q
adenoidectomy
A
surgical removal of the adenoids
5
Q
adenoiditis
A
inflammation of the adenoids
6
Q
affinity
A
attraction for another person or substance
7
Q
agranulocyte
A
an immune cell without microscopic granules
8
Q
albumin
A
the most abundant protein in the liquid component of blood (plasma); also found in egg whites
9
Q
anaphylaxis
A
a condition in which the innate immune system goes out of control and threatens life
10
Q
anastomosis
A
the joining of two or more vessels
11
Q
anemia
A
a condition of low oxygen carrying capacity in the blood (literally, “without hemoglobin in the blood”)
12
Q
aneurysmectomy
A
surgical removal of an aneurysm
13
Q
angina pectoris
A
pain in the chest, possibly indicating a myocardial infarction (“heart attack”)
14
Q
angiocarditis
A
inflammation of the heart and the large blood vessels
15
Q
angioedema
A
swelling due to leakage from blood vessels (often from an abnormal immune response)
16
Q
angiogenesis
A
the process of creating blood vessels
17
Q
angiogram
A
a record of the anatomy of blood vessels
18
Q
angiography
A
a procedure for visualizing the anatomy of blood vessels
19
Q
angiolith
A
a calcified clot in the blood vessels
20
Q
angioplasty
A
surgical revision of the blood vessels
21
Q
angiopoiesis
A
the process of creating blood vessels
22
Q
angiorrhaphy
A
suturing blood vessels
23
Q
angiosclerosis
A
hardening of blood vessel walls due to disease
24
Q
angioscope
A
instrument for looking inside blood vessels
25
anisocytosis
condition where red blood cells are not all the same size or shape
26
antianginal
drug which relieves angina pectoris
27
antiarrythmic
drug which helps re-establish normal heart rhythm
28
antibody
protein which is an essential part of the adaptive immune defense; made by activated B lymphocytes
29
anticoagulant
drug which interferes with the clotting response
30
antidiuretic
drug which prevents the excessive production of urine
31
antigen
a biological substance which provokes an immune response, especially one involving the formation of antibodies
32
antihypertensive
drug which reduces blood pressure
33
aortalgia
pain in the aorta
34
aortectasia
abnormal dilation of the aorta
35
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
36
aortitis
inflammation of the aorta
37
aortogram
a record of the anatomy of the aorta
38
aortolith
a calcified clot in the aorta
39
aortorrhaphy
suturing the aorta
40
aortotomy
cutting into the aorta
41
apex
the highest point
42
apheresis
removal of the blood, separation of one or more blood components, followed by the return of the remainder
43
aplastic
unable to form (e.g. blood in the bone marrow)
44
appendix
an immune organ which is attached to the large intestine near the junction with the small intestine; short for vermiform ("wormlike") appendix
45
arrest
a stopping (e.g. cardiac arrest, stopping the heart cycle)
46
arrhythmia
abnormal rhythm of the heart
47
arterectomy
surgical removal of an artery
48
arteriogram
a record of the anatomy of arteries
49
arteriole
small artery
50
arteriolith
a calcified clot in the arteries
51
arteriopathy
disease of the arteries
52
arterioplasty
surgical revision of the arteries
53
arteriorrhaphy
suturing of an artery
54
arteriorrhexis
rupture of an artery
55
arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries due to disease
56
arteriosus
containing many arteries
57
arteritis
inflammation of one or more arteries
58
artery
vessel which leads away from the heart
59
asplenia
condition of no spleen
60
atherectomy
surgical removal of an atherosclerotic plaque
61
atherogenesis
the process of creating atherosclerotic plaques
62
atherosclerosis
the formation of hardened plaques (collections of fat, cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium, and fibrin) in arteries
63
atrial
pertaining to the atrium
64
atrioventricular
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
65
atrioventricular bundle
electrical conduction path between the atrioventricular node and the heart muscle
66
atrioventricular node
secondary pacemaker for the heart; a way for the heart to maintain rhythm if the sinoatrial node fails
67
atrium
two of the four chambers of the heart; where the blood first enters the heart (by analogy with the atrium of a Roman villa)
68
autoimmune
immune attack on one's own tissues
69
autoregulation
maintenance of one's blood pressure or flow regardless of changing conditions (e.g. when standing)
70
autorhythmicity
pacemaker activity of the heart
71
axillary
pertaining to the armpit
72
azygos
unpaired vein in the trunk
73
baroreceptor
receptor for detecting blood pressure
74
basophil
white blood cell whose granules stain intensely for basic dyes (e.g. hematoxylin, a dark blue or purple dye)
75
biconcave
having indentations on two sides (such as the shape of a normal red blood cell)
76
bicuspid
having two sharp leaflets (such as the mitral valve of the heart); the bicuspid and mitral valves are two names for the same thing
77
bilirubinemia
condition of excess bilirubin in the blood (bilirubin is a product of the breakdown of red blood cells)
78
brachiocephalic
supplying the arm and head
79
bradycardia
condition of slow heartbeat
80
bundle branches
the part of the electrical conduction pathway of the heart that branches off the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) and leads to the Purkinje fibers
81
bundle of His
atrioventricular bundle
82
capillary
blood vessel where oxygen and glucose are exchanged for waste products; joins an arteriole and a venule
83
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
84
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart due to disease
85
cardiomyocyte
a heart muscle cell
86
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
87
cardiomyotomy
cutting into the heart muscle
88
cardiothoracic
pertaining to the heart and chest
89
cardiotonic
a drug that strengthens the heart
90
cardiotoxic
poisonous to the heart
91
cardiovascular
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
92
cardioversion
restoring a normal heart rhythm
93
carditis
inflammation of the heart
94
catheterization
introducing a tube into a vessel in order to add drugs, remove blood, or insert surgical instruments
95
cephalic
pertaining to the head
96
chordæ tendineæ
tiny strands of connective tissue which anchor the heart valves in place
97
circulation
the movement of blood around in a continuous circuit
98
circumflex
bent like a circle
99
coagulation
the process of blood clotting
100
coagulopathy
disease of the clotting pathway
101
conduction
movement of electrically charged particles in the heart
102
congestive
heart disease characterized by the buildup of fluid
103
contractile
able to shorten in response to electrical stimulation
104
coronary
the arteries of the heart, named because of their resemblance to a crown
105
cyanosis
abnormal blue color of the skin or other organs
106
cytapheresis
removal of the blood with separation of blood cells, followed by the return of the plasma (fluid portion of blood)
107
cytokine
extracellular chemical signals which promote movement or differentiation of immune cells
108
cytopenia
abnormally low levels of cells in the blood
109
cytotoxic
poisonous to cells
110
deoxygenated
blood that has delivered its oxygen cargo to cells in capillaries
111
diaphoresis
excessive sweating as a symptom of another illness
112
diastole
relaxation of the heart
113
diastolic
pertaining to relaxation of the heart, e.g. the lowest value in blood pressure
114
differential
the process of taking things apart to analyze them, for example a list of diagnoses, or blood cells
115
differentiation
the process by which a cell becomes different from its parent (stem) cell
116
dilate
enlargement of a round structure
117
ductus
Latin word for tube or channel
118
dysrhythmia
disease characterized by an abnormal heart rhythm pattern
119
echocardiogram
a record of the anatomy of the heart, obtained using sound waves
120
echocardiography
a procedure for visualizing the anatomy of the heart, obtained using sound waves
121
effusion
fluid leaking from a vessel or organ
122
electrocardiogram
a record of the electrical activity of the heart
123
electrocardiography
a procedure for observing the electrical activity of the heart
124
elliptocytosis
condition where red blood cells have an abnormal oval shape
125
embolectomy
surgical removal of an embolus
126
embolus
a plug in a vessel, often made up of air, fat, or a clot
127
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
128
endocardium
innermost layer of the heart
129
endoscopy
using a tube-like camera to look inside an organ
130
eosinophil
white blood cell whose granules stain intensely for acidic dyes (e.g. eosin, a bright red dye)
131
epicardium
outermost layer of the heart
132
epitope
place on the outer surface of an antigenic molecule which attracts binding of an antibody
133
erythrocyte
a red blood cell
134
erythrocytosis
abnormally high number of red blood cells
135
erythropoiesis
the process of creating red blood cells
136
erythropoietin
protein hormone which promotes the formation of red blood cells
137
externa
outside
138
extrinsic
coming from outside
139
femoral
pertaining to the thigh (femur)
140
fenestrated
containing many microscopic holes ("windows")
141
fibrillation
abnormally rapid heart rhythym which interferes with the effective pumping action of the heart
142
fibrin
protein which forms clots
143
fibrinogen
protein which is a precursor to fibrin
144
fibrinolysis
breakdown of fibrin clots
145
fibrous
filled with fibers
146
granulocyte
an immune cell with microscopic granules that can be seen with staining protocols
147
granzyme
an enzyme found in the granules of granulocytes which is used to disable invaders
148
hapten
a molecule that attaches to a non-antigenic molecule, making it into an effective antigen
149
hematocrit
a test to determine the number of red blood cells in a blood draw
150
hematology
the study of blood and blood diseases
151
hematopoiesis
the process of creating blood (i.e. blood cells)
152
hemiazygos
vein in the trunk which half-resembles the azygos vein
153
hemoglobin
the protein responsible for carrying oxygen (and to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide) in red blood cells
154
hemoglobinopathy
disease of hemoglobin production
155
hemolysis
breakdown of blood, particularly red blood cells
156
hemophilia
disease characterized by an abnormally poor clotting response (literally, "love of blood" because of the amount of blood produced by wounds)
157
hemorrhage
abnormally large flow of blood (literally, "blood bursting forth")
158
hemostasis
blood stoppage due to clotting or the use of a surgical procedure (e.g. cautery) or instrument (e.g. a hemostat)
159
hemostatic
tending to promote the stoppage of blood
160
hepatosplenitis
inflammation of the liver and spleen
161
histamine
extracellular chemical signal released in the inflammatory response
162
histocompatibility
the ability of transplanted tissue to evade the body's immune defenses (literally, "the ability of tissue to get along with others")
163
hydrostatic
pressure due to the pumping action of the heart
164
hyperbilirubinemia
condition of too much bilirubin in the blood
165
hypercoagulability
condition of too much blood clotting
166
hypersplenism
condition of too much spleen action (e.g. removal of normal red blood cells)
167
hypertension
condition where blood pressure is too high
168
hypertrophic
pertaining to a condition of too much growth
169
hypertrophy
condition of too much growth
170
hypervolemia
condition of too much blood volume
171
hypoperfusion
condition of too little blood delivery to tissues
172
hypotension
condition where blood pressure is too low
173
hypovolemia
condition of too little blood volume
174
iliac
pertaining to the flank or small intestine
175
immunity
the process by which the body defends itself against microbial invaders
176
immunocompetent
able to mount an effective immune response
177
immunocompromised
unable to mount an effective immune response
178
immunodeficient
able to mount only a weak or ineffective immune response
179
immunoglobin
a protein involved in the immune response; antibody
180
immunology
the study of the immune system and its dysfunction
181
immunosuppression
the process of lowering or incapacitating the immune response
182
inflammation
the innate immune response; the four cardinal signs are redness, heat, swelling, and pain
183
inguinal
pertaining to the groin
184
innate
"built-in"; describes the immune response which is not specific to a particular organism or cell surface marker
185
intercalated
inserted in between layers
186
interleukin
extracellular chemical signal which affects white blood cells primarily
187
interstitial
the space between cells (including the fluid which resides there)
188
interventricular
between the ventricles of the heart
189
intima
inside
190
intrinsic
coming from factors within a tissue or organ
191
ischemia
lack of blood supply
192
jugular
vein of the neck which carries blood from the brain and head back to the heart
193
laparosplenectomy
surgical removal of the spleen through a small incision in the abdomen
194
leukemia
a cancer characterized by a large number of abnormally formed white blood cells
195
leukocyte
a white blood cell
196
leukocytosis
abnormally high levels of white blood cells
197
leukopenia
abnormally low levels of white blood cells
198
lymphadenectomy
surgical removal of lymph nodes (lymph glands)
199
lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
200
lymphadenopathy
disease of the lymph nodes
201
lymphadenotomy
cutting into the lymph nodes
202
lymphangiectasia
abnormal dilation of the lymphatic vessels
203
lymphangiogram
a record of the anatomy of the lymphatic vessels
204
lymphangiography
a procedure for visualizing the anatomy of the lymphatic vessels
205
lymphangitis
inflammation of one or more lymphatic vessels
206
lymphedema
swelling of the lymphatic vessels
207
lymphocyte
a subtype of white blood cell that either controls an adaptive immune attack or makes antibodies
208
lymphoid
resembling the lymph organs
209
lymphoma
a cancer characterized by abnormalities in the lymphocytes, a subset of white blood cells
210
lymphopenia
low levels of lymphocytes (a subset of white blood cells)
211
macrocytosis
condition where red blood cells are abnormally large
212
macrophage
defensive cell in the connective tissues that engulfs and destroys invaders
213
marginal
pertaining to the edges
214
mast cell
defensive cell in the connective tissues that releases histamine and other chemicals
215
media
in the middle
216
mediastinum
the cavity which contains the heart, great vessels, part of the esophagus, and the thymus; essentially everything in the chest except lungs
217
megakaryocyte
a cell which gives rise to platelets (thrombocytes)
218
microcytosis
condition where red blood cells are abnormally small
219
mitral
a heart valve that is shaped like a Roman Catholic bishop's mitre (peaked cap with a crease in the middle); same as bicuspid
220
monoclonal
a group of cells that are all genetically identical (usually pertains to B cells which all make the same type of antibody molecule)
221
monocyte
circulating white blood cell which transforms into a macrophage in the tissues
222
mononucleosis
disease characterized by a large number of abnormal lymphocytes; caused by Epstein-Barr virus
223
murmur
heart sound that resembles a rumble or groan or machinery noise
224
myeloid
a family of blood cells which includes red blood cells and granulocytes
225
myeloma
a cancer arising from the bone marrow
226
myelopoiesis
the process of creating bone marrow
227
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle
228
myocarditis
inflammation of the heart muscle
229
myocardium
the heart muscle itself (i.e. not including the inner lining or outer lining or membranes)
230
nephrosplenopexy
surgical fixation of the kidney and spleen
231
neutropenia
abnormally low levels of neutrophils
232
neutrophil
white blood cell whose granules stain equally for acidic and basic dyes (e.g. both hematoxylin and eosin in the Wright stain)
233
nitroglycerin
drug which dilates blood vessels to relieve angina pectoris
234
normocyte
a red blood cell that is normal in size and hemoglobin content
235
normotension
normal blood pressure
236
occlusion
blockage
237
oligocythemia
disease characterized by too few ("a handful of") red blood cells
238
opsonization
process by which a bacterial invader becomes "tagged" and set up for destruction by the immune system
239
oxygenated
blood that has picked up its oxygen cargo in the lungs
240
palpitation
the physical feeling from a fluttery, irregular heartbeat
241
pancytopenia
abnormally low levels of all blood cells
242
pectoralgia
pain in the chest, possibly indicating a myocardial infarction ("heart attack")
243
pectoris
the chest
244
perforin
protein that attacks invading cells and pokes holes in their cell membrane
245
perfusion
blood moving through a tissue to supply oxygen and glucose and remove wastes
246
pericardial
pertaining to the membrane surrounding the heart
247
pericardiocentesis
removing fluid from the pericardial cavity
248
pericardiotomy
cutting into the pericardium
249
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
250
pericardium
the bag-like membrane surrounding the heart
251
petechia
red pinpoint on the skin (usually seen as the plural petichae)
252
phagocytosis
process by which a macrophage or other immune cell surrounds, swallows, and destroys an invading cell
253
phlebalgia
pain in the veins
254
phlebarteriectasia
abnormal dilation of the veins and arteries
255
phlebectomy
surgical removal of a vein
256
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
257
phlebologist
a person who studies vein disease
258
phlebology
the study of vein disease
259
phlebophlebostomy
making a connection ("mouth") between two veins
260
phlebosclerosis
hardening of veins due to disease
261
phlebostenosis
narrowing of a vein
262
phlebotomist
a person who cuts into a vein (i.e. punctures veins to remove blood for analysis)
263
phlebotomy
cutting into a vein (i.e. venipuncture to remove blood for analysis)
264
placenta
the tissue which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus; it results from a collaboration between mother and fetus
265
plasma
the liquid component of blood (including soluble clotting factors)
266
plasmapheresis
removal of the blood with separation of plasma, followed by the return of the cells and platelets
267
plasmin
protein component of the blood which breaks down fibrin when activated
268
plasminogen
precursor protein which gives rise to plasmin when activated
269
plateau
a flat area of a graph, such as a cardiac voltage trace
270
platelet
cell fragment that is necessary for blood clotting (literally, "a little plate"); same as thrombocyte
271
plateletpheresis
removal of the blood with separation of platelets, followed by the return of the other cellular components and plasma
272
pluripotent
a stem cell which is capable of making several different types of daughter cells
273
poikilocytosis
condition where red blood cells are of many different sizes and shapes
274
polycythemia
disease characterized by too many red blood cells
275
popliteal
pertaining to the dorsal surface of the knee
276
precapillary
the segment of an arteriole before its entry into a capillary
277
pressure
physical property that results from the collision of molecules in a liquid or gas with the walls of the container; an increase in the number of molecules results in an increase in pressure
278
progesterone
hormone which acts in favor of gestation (carrying a child to term)
279
prolapse
disease characterized by a floppy valve which does not close completely, permitting blood to regurgitate
280
prothrombin
precursor protein which gives rise to thrombin when activated
281
prothrombinase
enzyme which acts on prothrombin
282
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
283
Purkinje fibers
the part of the electrical conduction system that spreads over the entire surface of the ventricle
284
regurgitation
movement in a direction opposite to the normal flow
285
reperfusion
restoring blood to a tissue or organ that has lost blood supply temporarily
286
restrictive
type of heart muscle disease characterized by stiffness of the heart muscle
287
resuscitation
bringing someone back to life
288
reticulocyte
the stage of red blood cell development just before maturation (named for its net-like appearance)
289
semilunar
having a half-moon shape
290
septal
pertaining to the wall within an organ such as the heart
291
septicemia
abnormally large number of microorganisms in the blood
292
septoplasty
surgical revision of the chamber walls of the heart
293
septum
the wall between the chambers of the heart (or other organs)
294
serum
the liquid component of blood after soluble clotting factors are removed
295
sinoatrial
pertaining to the atrium of the heart, and the nearby coronary sinuses (which receive venous blood from the heart)
296
sinusoid
resembling a sinus (large, hollow space)
297
spherocyte
an abnormally round red blood cell
298
spherocytosis
condition where red blood cells are abnormally rounded
299
sphygmomanometer
device for measuring blood pressure (blood pressure cuff)
300
spleen
organ in the upper left abdomen, important in the immune response and in removing aged red blood cells
301
splenalgia
pain in the spleen
302
splenectomy
surgical removal of the spleen
303
splenitis
inflammation of the spleen
304
splenodynia
pain in the spleen
305
splenolysis
breakdown of the tissue of the spleen
306
splenomalacia
softening of the spleen due to disease
307
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen due to disease
308
splenopathy
disease of the spleen
309
splenoptosis
drooping of the spleen (movement of the spleen out of its normal position)
310
splenorrhexis
rupture of the spleen
311
stasis
holding back
312
stenosis
narrowing of a tube or vessel
313
striated
showing obvious stripes
314
subclavian
pertaining to an area below the clavicle (collarbone)
315
submandibular
pertaining to an area below the mandible (lower jaw)
316
systemic
affecting the entire system
317
systole
contraction of the heart
318
systolic
pertaining to contraction of the heart, e.g. the peak value in blood pressure
319
tachycardia
condition of fast heartbeat
320
tamponade
pressure on the heart due to the buildup of fluid in the pericardial sac
321
telangiectasia
abnormal dilation of the "end" (smallest) blood vessels
322
thrombin
protein component of the blood which makes up a key part of the clotting cascade
323
thrombocyte
platelet
324
thrombocytopenia
abnormally low levels of platelets (thrombocytes)
325
thrombocytosis
abnormally high levels of platelets (thrombocytes)
326
thromboembolism
a plug in a vessel from a clot
327
thrombogenic
drug or substance which promotes blood clotting
328
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein due to formation of a clot
329
thromboplastin
blood protein which is part of the clotting pathway
330
thrombus
clot
331
thymic
pertaining to the thymus
332
thymopathy
disease of the thymus
333
thymus
immune organ in the mediastinum; responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes
334
titer
the amount of antibody needed to cause a particular response, such as inactivation of a foreign protein
335
tonsil
a collection of immune tissue on either side of the throat
336
tonsillectomy
surgical removal of the tonsils
337
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
338
transesophageal
across the esophagus (especially where it is close to the heart in the mediastinum)
339
transfusion
moving blood from one person to another
340
tricuspid
having three sharp leaflets (such as the tricuspid valve of the heart)
341
tunica
tunic or coat; refers to layers of a blood vessel
342
umbilical
pertaining to the connection between placenta and fetus
343
vagus
nerve which innervates most of the thoracic and abdominal organs
344
valvectomy
surgical removal of a heart valve
345
valvotomy
surgical revision of a heart valve (same as valvuloplasty or valvulotomy); the surgical revision involves making cuts into it
346
valvular
pertaining to a valve
347
valvulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
348
valvuloplasty
surgical revision of a heart valve (same as valvotomy or valvulotomy)
349
valvulotomy
surgical revision of a heart valve (same as valvotomy or valvuloplasty); the surgical revision involves making cuts into it
350
varicose
abnormally dilated
351
varicotomy
cutting into a varicose vein
352
vascular
pertaining to the blood vessels
353
vasculitis
inflammation of the blood vessels
354
vasoconstriction
the process of reducing the diameter of a blood vessel
355
vasoconstrictor
a drug which reduces the diameter of a blood vessel
356
vasodilation
the process of increasing the diameter of a blood vessel
357
vasodilator
a drug which increases the diameter of a blood vessel
358
vasopressin
a hormone which increases blood pressure (same as antidiuretic hormone)
359
vasopressor
a drug which increases blood pressure
360
vasospasm
an abnormal contraction in the muscles of the arterial wall, potentially causing a loss of blood supply and/or increase in blood pressure
361
vegetation
a growth on a heart valve
362
vein
blood vessel leading to the heart
363
vena cava
the largest blood vessels leading to the right atrium of the heart (superior vena cava; inferior vena cava)
364
venectomy
surgical removal of a vein
365
venogram
a record of the anatomy of the veins
366
venosclerosis
hardening of veins due to disease
367
venospasm
an abnormal contraction in the muscles of the walls of veins
368
venostasis
blood which pools and does not move normally within veins
369
venosus
containing many veins
370
venous
pertaining to the veins
371
ventricle
two of the four chambers of the heart; where the blood is pumped out of the heart to the lungs or body
372
ventriculotomy
cutting into a heart ventricle
