Unit 9: Review

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

The study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Question 2

Attribution Theory

Answer 2

We explain someone’s behavior by either the situation or their personality

Question 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 3

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Question 4

Attitude

Answer 4

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Question 5

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Answer 5

Occurs when people are influence by incidental cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness

Question 6

Central Route Persuasion

Answer 6

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Question 7

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Answer 7

People who agree to a small request are more likely to agree to a larger request

Question 8

Role

Answer 8

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how they ought to behave

Question 9

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 9

To reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and actions clash, we reduce dissonance by changing our attitudes

Question 10

Conformity

Answer 10

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 11

Normative Social Influence

Answer 11

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 12

Informational Social Influence

Answer 12

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Question 13

Social Facilitations

Answer 13

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Question 14

Social Loafing

Answer 14

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal

Question 15

Deindividuation

Answer 15

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal

Question 16

Group Polarization

Answer 16

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group

Question 17

Groupthink

Answer 17

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 18

Culture

Answer 18

The behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 19

Norm

Answer 19

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

Question 20

Prejudice

Answer 20

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

Question 21

Stereotyple

Answer 21

A generalized belief about a group of people

Question 22

Discrimination

Answer 22

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Question 23

Just-world Phenomenon

Answer 23

The tendency for people to believe that people get what they deserve

Question 24

Ingroup

Answer 24

“Us”

Question 25

Outgroup

Answer 25

“Them”

Question 26

Ingroup Bias

Answer 26

The tendency to favor our own group

Question 27

Scapegoat Theory

Answer 27

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 28

Other-race Effect

Answer 28

It’s easier to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than the face of other races

Question 29

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Answer 29

The principle that frustration, the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger, which can generate aggression

Question 30

Social Script

Answer 30

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Question 31

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 31

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 32

Passionate Love

Answer 32

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a relationship

Question 33

Companionate Love

Answer 33

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Question 34

Equity

Answer 34

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Question 35

Self-Disclosure

Answer 35

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Question 36

Altruism

Answer 36

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 37

Bystander Effect

Answer 37

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 38

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 38

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 39

Reciprocity Norm

Answer 39

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 40

Social Responsibility Norm

Answer 40

An expectation that people will help those needing their help

Question 41

Conflict

Answer 41

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 42

Social Trap

Answer 42

A situation in with the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 43

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Answer 43

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Question 44

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 44

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Question 45

Superordinate Goals

Answer 45

Shared goals that override differences among people are require their cooperation

Question 46

GRIT

Answer 46

Strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Question 47

Philip Zimbardo

Answer 47

Created the Stanford Prison simulation

Question 48

Solomon Asch

Answer 48

Line experiment with other people

Question 49

Stanley Milgram

Answer 49

Person shocks someone experiment