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Psychology > Unit 6: Review > Flashcards

Unit 6: Review Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Continuity and stages

A

What parts of development are gradual and what parts are abruptly in separate stages

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3
Q

Stability and change

A

Which of our traits persist through life? How do we change as we age?

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4
Q

What did Lawrence Kohlberg come up with?

A

Moral Development

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5
Q

What did Erik Erikson come up with?

A

Psychological development

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6
Q

What did Jean Piaget come up with?

A

Cognitive development

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7
Q

Conception

A

Begins with the release of the egg from the ovary, and 250 million deposited sperm. One sperm penetrates the coating and within hours, they fuse

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8
Q

Germinal stage

A

First 10-14 days, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division

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9
Q

How does the zygote become an embryo?

A

After the germinal stage, it attaches to the uterine wall and becomes and embryo from about 37 weeks.

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10
Q

Embryo vs Placenta

A

The zygote’s inner cells become the embryo and the outer ones become the placenta

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11
Q

Fetal stage

A

After about 9 weeks, the facial features, hands, and feet form

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12
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo during development and cause harm (Ex. Alcohol)

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13
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Lifelong physical and mental abnormalities due to drinking while pregnant

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14
Q

Rooting reflex

A

The baby turns its head when the corner of its mouth is stroked

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15
Q

Sucking reflex

A

When the roof of the mouth is stroked, the baby will suck

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16
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Stroking the palm of a baby’s hand causes it to close its fingers

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17
Q

Startle Reflex

A

The baby throws back its head and extends and pulls back its arms and legs and cries when it hears a loud sound or sudden movement.

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18
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Extended toes after the sole of the foot is stroked

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19
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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20
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth process, uninfluenced by experience

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21
Q

Sequence of development for babies

A

3 months - rolling over
6 months - sitting unsupported
8-9 months - crawling
12 months - beginning to walk
15 months - walking independently

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22
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

Cannot create memories before the age of 3

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23
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Believed that children moved from stage to stage as they matured and were exposed to relevant types of experiences

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24
Q

Schema

A

Mental mold to which we pour our experiences

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25
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new information in terms of an existing schema

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26
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing the existing schema to incorporate new information

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27
Q

Piagets stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational

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28
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Experiences the world with their 5 senses. 0-2 years old

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29
Q

Preoperational

A

Developing language and symbolic thinking. They are egocentric. 2-7 years old

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30
Q

Egocentric

A

Cannot perceive things from another’s point of view

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31
Q

Concrete Operational

A

Developing the ability to think in a more logical manner. 7-12 years old. No longer egocentric and mater the idea of conservation

32
Q

Formal Operational

A

Abstract reasoning, they approach problems systematically

33
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

Fear of strangers, develops around 8 months

34
Q

Authoritarian

A

Rigid, punitive and demand unquestioning obedience from their children. Children tend to be unsociable, unfriendly, and withdrawn

35
Q

Permissive

A

Parents give children relaxed or inconsistent direction and require little of them. Children tend to be immature, moody, dependent, and have low self-control

36
Q

Authoritative

A

Democratic and firm, setting limits and goals for their children, but explaining them and also letting the children have some role in making decisions and setting goals. Children tend to be likeable, reliant, and independent

37
Q

Uninvolved

A

Show little interest in children and are emotionally detached. Children tend to feel unloved and emotionally detached

38
Q

Attachment

A

Positive emotional bond that develops between child and individuals

39
Q

Imprinting

A

Learning occurring at a particular age or life stage, rapid and independent of the consequences of that behavior

40
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Monkey experiment, shows that attachment was about comfort, applies to humans

41
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Experiment which measured the level of attachment with the mother by having the mother leave the room and an adult stranger enter. Found securely attached and insecurely attached children

42
Q

Securely Attached

A

Use mom as ‘home base’, shows distress when she leaves and goes to her when she returns

43
Q

Insecurely Attached - avoidant

A

Does not cry when mom leaves and avoids her when she returns

44
Q

Insecurely Attached - ambivalent

A

Displays anxiety when the mom is in the room and are upset when she leaves, but when she returns they may go up to her and hit or kick her

45
Q

Adolescence

A

Begins with puberty, sex organs mature. Affects self-image

46
Q

Early vs. late maturation

A

Early maturing - have a more positive self-concept
Late maturing - can produce a psychological difficulty for boys and girls

47
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg levels of moral development

A

Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional

48
Q

Preconventional

A

Performs actions based on rewards or punishment

49
Q

Conventional

A

Interested in pleasing others and doing what is right by social laws

50
Q

Postconventional

A

Use higher reasoning to guide behavior, many people never make it to this reasoning

51
Q

Erik Erikson Ideas

A

Created the stages of psychosocial development

52
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

0-18 months, “Can I trust the world?”

53
Q

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

A

18 months - 3 years, “Do I have some control over my life?”

54
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A

3-6, “Am I Capable of doing things for myself”

55
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A

6-11, “Am I capable of doing things socially?”, compares self to others

56
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

12-20, “Who am I and where is my place in this world”

57
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

20-30, “Can I love and be loved?”

58
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

30-65, “Am I productive and giving something back to the world?”

59
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

65+, “Has it all be worth it”

60
Q

Midlife Transistion

A

One may questions their life & accomplishments, due to the idea that life will end at sometime

61
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

Period of late teens to mid-twenties, Bridges gap between adolescence and adulthood

62
Q

Menopause

A

Natural cessation of menstruations. Biological changes as ability to reproduce declines

63
Q

Physical changes of late adulthood

A

Thinning and graying hair, skin wrinkling, slowed reaction time, changes in physical stamina

64
Q

Activity theory of aging

A

People who age most successfully are those who main the interests, activates, and level of social interaction they experienced during middle adulthood

65
Q

Elisabeth Kubler-Roth

A

Developed the five stages of grief

66
Q

5 stages of grief

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

67
Q

Men vs. Women (Agression)

A

Males are more aggressive, more support for war, murder rate is 9 to 1

68
Q

Men vs. Women (Leadership)

A

Men are more directive, even autocratic
Women are more democratic, more welcoming of other’s input

69
Q

Tend and Befriend

A

When coping with stress, women more than men turn to others for support

70
Q

Gener Roles

A

Expected behaviors for males or females

71
Q

Gender Identity

A

Person’s sense of being male or female

72
Q

Gender typing

A

Acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role

73
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Developed the zone of proximal development

74
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

What a child can and can’t do with help

75
Q

Autism

A

Appears in childhood is marked by deficiencies in communication and social interaction.

Psychology (22 decks)

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