Unit 5: Reading

Question 1

Parallel Processing

Answer 1

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Getting information into our brain

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

Retain that information

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

Later get the information back out

Question 6

Sensory memory

Answer 6

The brief recording of sensory information

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

An activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored and forgotten

Question 8

Working Memory

Answer 8

A form of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information

Question 9

Explicit Memories

Answer 9

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Question 10

Implicit Memories

Answer 10

Retention independent of conscious recollection, something you do but cannot explain how to do

Question 11

What information do we automatically process?

Answer 11

Information about space, time, and frequency

Question 12

Iconic memory

Answer 12

Info remembered unconsciously and effortlessly

Question 13

Echoic Memory

Answer 13

Info you must work to remember

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Question 15

Mnemonic

Answer 15

Memory aid to organize information. Example: PEMDAS

Question 16

Testing Effect

Answer 16

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information

Question 17

Shallow processing vs. Deep processing

Answer 17

Shallow Processing - only taking into account the structure or appearance of words
Deep Processing - processing that goes in depth on the meaning of words

Question 18

Parts of the brain that aid in explicit memory

Answer 18

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and hippocampus

Question 19

Parts of the brain that aid in implicit memory

Answer 19

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and hippocampus

Question 20

Flashbulb memories

Answer 20

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 21

Long Term Potentiation

Answer 21

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

Question 22

Automatic vs. Effortful memory processing

Answer 22

Automatic memory involves implicit memories without conscious recall. Effortful memories involves explicit memories with conscious recall

Question 23

How is memory measured?

Answer 23

In three levels of retention:
1. Recall
2. Recognition
3. Relearning

Question 24

Retrieval Cues

Answer 24

External cues that can trigger memories

Question 25

Priming

Answer 25

External cues that activate associations that help us retrieve memories

Question 26

State Dependent Memory

Answer 26

Memory that depends on the emotional state you were in

Question 27

Context Driven Memory

Answer 27

Memory that depends on where you are and what you are doing

Question 28

Mood Congruent

Answer 28

Retaining to the same physical context or emotional state in which we formed a memory can help retrieve it

Question 29

Serial Position Effect

Answer 29

Tendency to best recall the last and first items in a list

Question 30

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 30

Inability to form new memories

Question 31

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 31

Inability to recall memories from one's past

Question 32

Storage Decay

Answer 32

Poor Durability of stored memories

Question 33

Proactive interference

Answer 33

When old information blocks the retrieval of new information

Question 34

Retroactive interference

Answer 34

When new information blocks the retrieval of old information

Question 35

Repression

Answer 35

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Question 36

Misinformation Effect

Answer 36

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Question 37

Source Amnesia

Answer 37

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experiences, heard about, read about, or imagined. Can be the cause of false memories

Question 38

Deja Vu

Answer 38

The eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 39

Cognition

Answer 39

Mental activates associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Question 40

Prototype

Answer 40

A mental image or best example of a category

Question 41

Convergent Thinking

Answer 41

Narrows problem solutions to determine the single best one

Question 42

Divergent Thinking

Answer 42

Expands the number of possible problem solutions

Question 43

Creativity

Answer 43

Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 44

What part of the brain is responsible for creativity

Answer 44

Left Parietal lobe

Question 45

5 Components of Creativity

Answer 45

1. Expertise 2. Imaginative Thinking Skills 3. A venturesome personality 4. Intrinsic motivation 5. A creative environment

Question 46

Algorithm vs. Heuristics

Answer 46

Algorithms are logical rules that guarantee the answer. Heuristic is simple thinking that allows us to solve problems efficiently (but more error prone)

Question 47

Confirmation Bias

Answer 47

Searching for an answer you want and ignoring what you don't like

Question 48

Fixation and Mental Sets

Answer 48

Create an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective, which leads us to only focus on one solution

Question 49

Intuition

Answer 49

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 50

Overconfidence

Answer 50

The tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Question 51

Representative Heuristic

Answer 51

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Question 52

Availability Heuristic

Answer 52

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Question 53

Language

Answer 53

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 54

Phonemes

Answer 54

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 55

Morphemes

Answer 55

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Question 56

Grammer

Answer 56

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 57

Babbling Stage

Answer 57

4 Months old - Children will start uttering various sounds, unrelated to the household language

Question 58

One-Word Stage

Answer 58

1-2 Years old - Child mainly speaks in single words

Question 59

Two-Word Stage

Answer 59

2 Years old - Child speaks in two-word statements

Question 60

Telegraphic Stage

Answer 60

Early speech, child speaks using nouns and verbs

Question 61

Broca's Area Damage

Answer 61

Understand but not speak

Question 62

Wernicke's Area Damage

Answer 62

Speak but not understand