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Psychology > Unit 5: Reading > Flashcards

Unit 5: Reading Flashcards

1
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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2
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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3
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into our brain

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4
Q

Storage

A

Retain that information

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

Later get the information back out

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6
Q

Sensory memory

A

The brief recording of sensory information

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7
Q

Short-term memory

A

An activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored and forgotten

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8
Q

Working Memory

A

A form of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information

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9
Q

Explicit Memories

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

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10
Q

Implicit Memories

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection, something you do but cannot explain how to do

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11
Q

What information do we automatically process?

A

Information about space, time, and frequency

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12
Q

Iconic memory

A

Info remembered unconsciously and effortlessly

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13
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Info you must work to remember

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14
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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15
Q

Mnemonic

A

Memory aid to organize information. Example: PEMDAS

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16
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information

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17
Q

Shallow processing vs. Deep processing

A

Shallow Processing - only taking into account the structure or appearance of words
Deep Processing - processing that goes in depth on the meaning of words

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18
Q

Parts of the brain that aid in explicit memory

A

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and hippocampus

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19
Q

Parts of the brain that aid in implicit memory

A

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and hippocampus

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20
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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21
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

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22
Q

Automatic vs. Effortful memory processing

A

Automatic memory involves implicit memories without conscious recall. Effortful memories involves explicit memories with conscious recall

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23
Q

How is memory measured?

A

In three levels of retention:
1. Recall
2. Recognition
3. Relearning

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24
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

External cues that can trigger memories

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25
Q

Priming

A

External cues that activate associations that help us retrieve memories

26
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

Memory that depends on the emotional state you were in

27
Q

Context Driven Memory

A

Memory that depends on where you are and what you are doing

28
Q

Mood Congruent

A

Retaining to the same physical context or emotional state in which we formed a memory can help retrieve it

29
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Tendency to best recall the last and first items in a list

30
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

31
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Inability to recall memories from one’s past

32
Q

Storage Decay

A

Poor Durability of stored memories

33
Q

Proactive interference

A

When old information blocks the retrieval of new information

34
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When new information blocks the retrieval of old information

35
Q

Repression

A

A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

36
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

37
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experiences, heard about, read about, or imagined. Can be the cause of false memories

38
Q

Deja Vu

A

The eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

39
Q

Cognition

A

Mental activates associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

40
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category

41
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Narrows problem solutions to determine the single best one

42
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Expands the number of possible problem solutions

43
Q

Creativity

A

Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

44
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for creativity

A

Left Parietal lobe

45
Q

5 Components of Creativity

A
  1. Expertise
  2. Imaginative Thinking Skills
  3. A venturesome personality
  4. Intrinsic motivation
  5. A creative environment
46
Q

Algorithm vs. Heuristics

A

Algorithms are logical rules that guarantee the answer. Heuristic is simple thinking that allows us to solve problems efficiently (but more error prone)

47
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Searching for an answer you want and ignoring what you don’t like

48
Q

Fixation and Mental Sets

A

Create an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective, which leads us to only focus on one solution

49
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

50
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

51
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

52
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

53
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

54
Q

Phonemes

A

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

55
Q

Morphemes

A

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

56
Q

Grammer

A

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

57
Q

Babbling Stage

A

4 Months old - Children will start uttering various sounds, unrelated to the household language

58
Q

One-Word Stage

A

1-2 Years old - Child mainly speaks in single words

59
Q

Two-Word Stage

A

2 Years old - Child speaks in two-word statements

60
Q

Telegraphic Stage

A

Early speech, child speaks using nouns and verbs

61
Q

Broca’s Area Damage

A

Understand but not speak

62
Q

Wernicke’s Area Damage

A

Speak but not understand

Psychology (22 decks)

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