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Psychology > Unit 2: Reading & Notes > Flashcards

Unit 2: Reading & Notes Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Analyze the links between biology and psychological processes

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2
Q

All or none response

A

The neuron will fire everything down it completely

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3
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that will bind to a receptor site, like a key to a lock

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4
Q

Antagonist

A

Will block receptor sites

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5
Q

Synapse

A

Open space between two neurons at which neurotransmitters cross

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substance that crosses the synapse to the next neuron

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7
Q

Endorphins

A

“morphine within” - natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and plesure

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8
Q

Central Nervous System vs. Peripheral Nervous System

A

CNS is the brain and spinal cord and PNS is everything else

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9
Q

How does the brain send messages?

A

Through neurons

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10
Q

Knee-Jerk Response

A

Sudden uncontrollable jerk of the leg when it gets hit in a certain spot

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11
Q

Nerves

A

The basic building block of the nervous system

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12
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Afferent - Carries incoming messages/information from the sense receptors to the CNS

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13
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carries outgoing information from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system and muscles

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Efferent - The only neurons in the CNS, acting as messengers between sensory and motor neurons

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Automatic Nervous Systems

A

Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs

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17
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calms the body, conserving its senses

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19
Q

Endocrine System

A

Uses a set of gland to secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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20
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous system

A

Endocrine is slower, they both change how you act but the endocrine does this with chemical signaling and the nervous system does it with electrical signaling

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21
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Arouse the body in a time of stress

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22
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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23
Q

Afferent vs. Efferent `

A

Afferent neurons carry information from the senses to the CNS and efferent neurons carry information from the CNS to the muscles

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24
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface from electrodes placed on the scalp

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25
Computed Tomography (CT)
Series of x-rays taken from different angles and combines by a computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure
26
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a specific task
27
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A technique that uses magnetic fields to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue
28
Functional MRI (fMRI)
A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
29
Brainstem
Responsible for automatic survival functions
30
Medulla
Controls heartbeat and breathing
30
How is the body wired?
Nerves from the left are linked to the right and vice versa
31
Thalamus
The brain's sensory control center, like a bus station where traffic passes en route to various destinations
32
Cerebellum
Little brain, processes sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, enables nonverbal learning and memory
33
Limbic system
Associated with emotions and drives, houses the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
34
Hypothalamus
Maintenance activities, regulates thirst and hunger, emotion and reward, body temperature, and sexual behavior
35
Cerebral Cortex
Last 'layer' of the brain and information-processing center
36
Glial Cells
Like worker bees while the neuron is the queen bee. Provide nutrients and 'mop up' ions
37
Frontal Lobe
Involved in speaking, muscle movement, and making judgment
38
Parietal Lobe
Controls touch and body position
39
Occipital Lobe
Processes visual information
40
Temporal lobe
Receives information from the opposite ear
41
Motor Cortex and somatosensory Cortex
For movement - allows more space in the brain for body parts that require precise control
42
Phenieas Gage
Got frontal lobe damage, no motor control or memory loss but he did experience a personality change
43
Plasticity
Brain's ability to reorganize neurons. Ex. Blind people's visual cells go to touch, which is why blind people can read braille
44
Corpus Callosum
Allows the right and left hemispheres to work together.
45
Split-Brain person
Able to complete two different tasks simultaneously
46
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
47
Cognitive Neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition
48
Dual Processing
Information that is processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
49
Genes
What makes up chromosomes, which are segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins
50
Behavior Genetics
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
51
Enviorment
Every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
52
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
53
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
54
Genome
The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
55
Identical vs. Fraternal
Identical have the exact same genes and fraternal are like brothers or sisters
56
Heritablity
The extent to which differences among people can be related to their genes
57
Epigenetics
When environmental or behavioral factors can affect someones genes
58
Evolutionary Psychology
Uses idea of natural selection to understand the roots of behavior and mental processes
59
Male vs. Females sex drive
Males approach to sex is recreational, while females is more relational
60
Mutations
A random error in gene replication that leads to a change
61
Occam's razor
The principle that we should prefer the simplest of competing explanations
62
Consciousness in psychology's history
Used to be the core of psychology, around the 60s it turned to only the study of behavior, then psychologists started studying consciousness again
63
Different states of consiousness
We have a consciousness "stream of consciousness", with each moment flowing to the next
64
Reasons for hypnosis
Relieve pain and trauma
65
Stroop Effect
delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli
66
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person responds to another person's suggests that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
67
Posthypnotic suggestions
A suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired behaviors
68
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotic procedure can sometimes help people overcome stress-related ailments and cope with pain
69
Dissociation
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
70
Circadian Rythm
Internal biological clock synchronized with the cycle of night and day
71
Sleep Cycle
We go through 4 stages of sleep in 90 minutes
72
REM sleep
Rapid Eye Movement - heart rate rises, internal arousal, breathing becomes more rapid and irregular. Most dreaming occurs here
73
Alpha Waves
Relatively slow brain waves of an awake, relaxed state. When you are trying to sleep
74
NREM
Non-rapid eye movement sleep, encompasses all sleep stages except for REM
75
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control the circadian rhythm
76
What are sleep's functions?
To restore and repair damaged neurons and encode memories
77
Effects of sleep-loss
Makes up feel drained of energy and without feelings of well-being
78
How is sleep loss related to obesity?
Increases hunger arousing proteins, causes you to eat more and exercise less
79
How is sleep loss related to viral infections?
Immune cell production can be supressed
80
Insomnia
Happens in 1/4 of people, persistent problems with falling or staying asleep
81
Narcolepsy
Sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness
82
Sleep apnea
Intermittently stops breathing during sleep
83
Night terrors
High arousal and appearance of being terrified
84
What do we dream?
Our dreams mostly consist of at least one negative event, which can be vivid, emotional, or bizarre
85
Tolerence
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug
86
When is drug use a disorder?
When the person craves and uses the substance despite its adverse consequences
87
Addiction
Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known consequences
88
Psychoactive Drug
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
89
Effects of alcochol
Slows the sympathetic nervous system and suppresses REM sleep
90
Stimulant vs. Depressant
Depressants slow neural activity and stimulants excite it

Psychology (22 decks)

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