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Psychology > Unit 2: Reading & Notes > Flashcards

Unit 2: Reading & Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Analyze the links between biology and psychological processes

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2
Q

All or none response

A

The neuron will fire everything down it completely

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3
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that will bind to a receptor site, like a key to a lock

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4
Q

Antagonist

A

Will block receptor sites

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5
Q

Synapse

A

Open space between two neurons at which neurotransmitters cross

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substance that crosses the synapse to the next neuron

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7
Q

Endorphins

A

“morphine within” - natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and plesure

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8
Q

Central Nervous System vs. Peripheral Nervous System

A

CNS is the brain and spinal cord and PNS is everything else

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9
Q

How does the brain send messages?

A

Through neurons

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10
Q

Knee-Jerk Response

A

Sudden uncontrollable jerk of the leg when it gets hit in a certain spot

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11
Q

Nerves

A

The basic building block of the nervous system

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12
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Afferent - Carries incoming messages/information from the sense receptors to the CNS

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13
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carries outgoing information from the CNS to the peripheral nervous system and muscles

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Efferent - The only neurons in the CNS, acting as messengers between sensory and motor neurons

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15
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Automatic Nervous Systems

A

Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs

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17
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calms the body, conserving its senses

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19
Q

Endocrine System

A

Uses a set of gland to secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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20
Q

Endocrine vs. Nervous system

A

Endocrine is slower, they both change how you act but the endocrine does this with chemical signaling and the nervous system does it with electrical signaling

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21
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Arouse the body in a time of stress

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22
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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23
Q

Afferent vs. Efferent `

A

Afferent neurons carry information from the senses to the CNS and efferent neurons carry information from the CNS to the muscles

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24
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface from electrodes placed on the scalp

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25
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

Series of x-rays taken from different angles and combines by a computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain’s structure

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26
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a specific task

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27
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

A technique that uses magnetic fields to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue

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28
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

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29
Q

Brainstem

A

Responsible for automatic survival functions

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30
Q

Medulla

A

Controls heartbeat and breathing

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30
Q

How is the body wired?

A

Nerves from the left are linked to the right and vice versa

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31
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain’s sensory control center, like a bus station where traffic passes en route to various destinations

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32
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain, processes sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, enables nonverbal learning and memory

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33
Q

Limbic system

A

Associated with emotions and drives, houses the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

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34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintenance activities, regulates thirst and hunger, emotion and reward, body temperature, and sexual behavior

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35
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Last ‘layer’ of the brain and information-processing center

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36
Q

Glial Cells

A

Like worker bees while the neuron is the queen bee. Provide nutrients and ‘mop up’ ions

37
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved in speaking, muscle movement, and making judgment

38
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Controls touch and body position

39
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Processes visual information

40
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Receives information from the opposite ear

41
Q

Motor Cortex and somatosensory Cortex

A

For movement - allows more space in the brain for body parts that require precise control

42
Q

Phenieas Gage

A

Got frontal lobe damage, no motor control or memory loss but he did experience a personality change

43
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain’s ability to reorganize neurons. Ex. Blind people’s visual cells go to touch, which is why blind people can read braille

44
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Allows the right and left hemispheres to work together.

45
Q

Split-Brain person

A

Able to complete two different tasks simultaneously

46
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

47
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition

48
Q

Dual Processing

A

Information that is processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

49
Q

Genes

A

What makes up chromosomes, which are segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

50
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

51
Q

Enviorment

A

Every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

52
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes

53
Q

DNA

A

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

54
Q

Genome

A

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

55
Q

Identical vs. Fraternal

A

Identical have the exact same genes and fraternal are like brothers or sisters

56
Q

Heritablity

A

The extent to which differences among people can be related to their genes

57
Q

Epigenetics

A

When environmental or behavioral factors can affect someones genes

58
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Uses idea of natural selection to understand the roots of behavior and mental processes

59
Q

Male vs. Females sex drive

A

Males approach to sex is recreational, while females is more relational

60
Q

Mutations

A

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

61
Q

Occam’s razor

A

The principle that we should prefer the simplest of competing explanations

62
Q

Consciousness in psychology’s history

A

Used to be the core of psychology, around the 60s it turned to only the study of behavior, then psychologists started studying consciousness again

63
Q

Different states of consiousness

A

We have a consciousness “stream of consciousness”, with each moment flowing to the next

64
Q

Reasons for hypnosis

A

Relieve pain and trauma

65
Q

Stroop Effect

A

delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli

66
Q

Hypnosis

A

A social interaction in which one person responds to another person’s suggests that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

67
Q

Posthypnotic suggestions

A

A suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired behaviors

68
Q

Hypnotherapy

A

Hypnotic procedure can sometimes help people overcome stress-related ailments and cope with pain

69
Q

Dissociation

A

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

70
Q

Circadian Rythm

A

Internal biological clock synchronized with the cycle of night and day

71
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

We go through 4 stages of sleep in 90 minutes

72
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement - heart rate rises, internal arousal, breathing becomes more rapid and irregular. Most dreaming occurs here

73
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Relatively slow brain waves of an awake, relaxed state. When you are trying to sleep

74
Q

NREM

A

Non-rapid eye movement sleep, encompasses all sleep stages except for REM

75
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control the circadian rhythm

76
Q

What are sleep’s functions?

A

To restore and repair damaged neurons and encode memories

77
Q

Effects of sleep-loss

A

Makes up feel drained of energy and without feelings of well-being

78
Q

How is sleep loss related to obesity?

A

Increases hunger arousing proteins, causes you to eat more and exercise less

79
Q

How is sleep loss related to viral infections?

A

Immune cell production can be supressed

80
Q

Insomnia

A

Happens in 1/4 of people, persistent problems with falling or staying asleep

81
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

82
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Intermittently stops breathing during sleep

83
Q

Night terrors

A

High arousal and appearance of being terrified

84
Q

What do we dream?

A

Our dreams mostly consist of at least one negative event, which can be vivid, emotional, or bizarre

85
Q

Tolerence

A

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug

86
Q

When is drug use a disorder?

A

When the person craves and uses the substance despite its adverse consequences

87
Q

Addiction

A

Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known consequences

88
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

89
Q

Effects of alcochol

A

Slows the sympathetic nervous system and suppresses REM sleep

90
Q

Stimulant vs. Depressant

A

Depressants slow neural activity and stimulants excite it

Psychology (22 decks)

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