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Pathology bs > Urinary System & Male genital tract > Flashcards

Urinary System & Male genital tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for someone developing a urinary tract infection?

A
  • females more likely
  • sexual intercourse
  • pregnancy
  • diabetes
  • urinary tract obstructions eg. stones or catheters
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2
Q

If an infection is found in these places what are they called:

  • urethra
  • bladder
  • prostate
  • kidney
A
  • urethra = urethritis
  • bladder = cystitis
  • prostate = prostatitis
  • kidney = pyelonephritis
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3
Q

What is the most common bacteria causing UTI’s?

A

E. coli

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

A
  • frequency
  • dysuria (pain on urinating )
  • urgency
  • haematuria
  • suprapubic pain
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5
Q

what are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A
  • high fever
  • rigors
  • vomiting
  • loin pain and tenderness
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A
  • flu-like symptoms
  • few urinary symptoms
  • swollen and tender prostate on PR examination
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7
Q

What are the treatments of UTI’s?

A
  • drink plenty of fluids
  • urinate often (double voiding)
  • Antibiotics (trimethoprim usually)
  • Imaging - if recurrent or male or non-resolving
  • severe may require hospital admission, especially pyelonephritis and elderly
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8
Q

What is acute renal failure?

A

a significant deterioration in renal function occurring over hours or days

  • low urine volume (oliguria)
  • rising plasma urea and creatinine levels
  • usually occurs with other severe illnesses (pre-renal)
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9
Q

What are the causes of acute renal failure?

A

PRE-RENAL

  • sepsis
  • ischaemic necrosis

RENAL
- ATN (damage to tubules due to ischaemia or nephrotoxins)

POST RENAL
- due to obstruction in urinary tract (eg. stones, tumours)

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10
Q

How do you treat acute renal failure?

A
  • find and treat the cause
  • treat exacerbating factors (hypovolaemia, sepsis ect.)
  • stop nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDs, ACE, vancomycin, gentamycin )
  • may need renal replacement therapy (dialysis or haemofiltration)
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11
Q

Chronic renal failure is split in to 5 grading stages. Symptoms usually do not occur until grade 4. What do these grades depend on?

A

GFR

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12
Q

What are the common causes of chronic renal failure?

A
  • diabetes
  • glomerulonephritis ( inflammation of the glomerular)
  • renovascular disease
  • hypertension
  • polycystic disease
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13
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A
  • group of disorders
  • damage to glomerular filtration.
  • cause leak of protein or blood into the urine
  • usually deposition of immune complexes in nephron
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14
Q

What are stones?

A
  • can occur anywhere in renal tract
  • crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts
  • seen more in men
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15
Q

What are the risk factors that may cause stones?

A
  • dehydration
  • dietary factors (increase chocolates, tea and rhubarb)
  • drugs (loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids, aspirin, theophylline)
  • renal tract abnormalities
  • reccurent UTI’s
  • metabolic abnormalities(hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism and cancer)
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16
Q

What are the symptoms of renal stones?

A
  • may be asymptomatic
  • loin to groin pain (colic pain)
  • pain on weeing
17
Q

How do you mange treatment of stones?

A
  • imaging options (KUB-xray or CT scan)
  • pain relief
  • drink plenty
  • small stone will pass
  • may need intervention if great than 5mm
18
Q

What are the risk factors for someone getting renal cell carcinoma?

A
  • more predominant in males
  • usually between 50-70 years
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • hypertension
  • exposure to asbestos
  • certain hereditary conditions
19
Q

How are renal cell carcinomas normally found.

A 
- 50% found accidently by imaging 
symptoms such as 
- haematuria 
- loin pain 
-  abnormal mass 
- para neoplastic syndromes eg. polycythaemia, hypercalcaemia and hypertension
20
Q

How do you treat renal cell carcinoma?

A
  • radical nephrectomy

- chemotherapy

21
Q

What are the most common malignant and benign conditions in the bladder?

A
  • transitional cell carcinoma (malignant)

- cystitis (benign)

22
Q

You test for transitional cell carcinoma by urine cytology, cystoscopy and biopsy. How does transitional cell carcinoma present?

A
  • classically painless haematuria
  • frequency
  • urgency
  • dysuria
23
Q

What is the treatment plan for transitional cell carcinoma?

A
  • depends on stage and spread
  • small lesions at early stage can be managed with diathermy and cystoscopy
  • later stages - radical cystectomy or palliative chemo/ radiotherapy
24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia? This is an increase in the number of cells resulting in nodule formation.

A
  • usually lower urinary tract obstruction :-
    increased frequency
    hesitancy
    nocturia (weeing at night)
    terminal dribbling (cant stop weeing)
  • can lead to increased risk of infection
  • enlarged prostate on examination
25
Q

What are the treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • if small treat conservative (reduce fluids (at night), reduce alcohol and caffeine, scheduled voiding)
  • medical treatment: alpha blockers (reduces the smooth muscle tone in the prostate)
  • TURP - transurethral resection of the prostate(scrape out excess tissue )
26
Q

What are the risks of developing prostate cancer?

A
  • age
  • race (black people)
  • family history
  • hormone levels
  • diet - increased with increased fat consumption
27
Q

prostate cancer is diagnosed with raised prostate specific antigen level and by biopsy. What are the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?

A
  • may be asymptomatic
  • nocturia (weeing at night )
  • hesitancy
  • poor stream
  • terminal dribbling
  • examination shows a hard irregular prostate
  • similar to BPH except prostate irregular
28
Q

What are the treatments of prostate cancer?

A
  • just watch and wait in elderly
  • local disease can be treated with radical prostatectomy
  • hormonal therapy and radiotherapy
  • often metastasized to the bone
29
Q

Testicular torsion is twisted spermatic cord causing blockage of blood flow. what are the symptoms?

A
  • sudden onset of pain in one testis
  • pain in abdomen, nausea and vomiting
  • testis is hot, swollen and tender
  • the testis may lie high and transversely
  • most common in 11-30 years old
30
Q

How do you diagnose and treat testicular torsion?

A
  • test by USS with Doppler or exploratory surgery
  • treat: urgent surgery if still viable
  • they will fix both testis.
  • may need orchidectomy
31
Q

Testicular tumours are most common malignancy in males aged 15-44 years. What are the risk factors and presentations of testicular tumours?

A 
risk factors 
- undescended testis 
- infant hernia 
- infertility
presentation 
- painless testicular lump
32
Q

The most common type of testiculat tumours is seminoma. What are the treatment options for testicular tumours?

A
  • orchidectomy and a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Pathology bs (21 decks)

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